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157 Cards in this Set
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brain death
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the brain shows no activity and responds to no stimulus
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spatial neglect
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a tendency to be unconscious of the left side of the body, the world, and od objects
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left
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binocular rivalry
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the alternation between seeing the pattern in the left retina and the pattern in the right retina
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readiness potential
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increased motor cortex axtivity prior to the start of the movement
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jet lag
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a period of discomfort and inefficiency while your internal clock is out of phase with your new surroundings
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circadian rhythm
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a rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting about a day
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electroencephalograph (EEG)
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measures brain activity
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polysomnograph
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combine EEG measure with a simultaneous measure of eye movements
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sleep spindles
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waves of activity at about 12-14 per second (that result from exchange of information between the cerebral cortex and the underlying thalamus)
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sleep apnea
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fail to breathe for a minte or more and then wake up gasping for breath
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narcolepsy
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sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day
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lucid dreaming
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awate that is is a dream (one part of the brain is awake-prefrontal cortex-and thenl other is asleep
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periodic limb movement disorder
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prolonged creepy craly sensations in their legs, accompanied by repetitive leg movements strong enough to awaken the person during the first half of the night (restless leg syndrome)
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night terror
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causes someone to awaken to unpleasant screaming and sweating with a racing heart rate, and sometimes flailing of the arms
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insomnia
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not enough sleep for the person to feel rested the next day
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manifest content
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the content that appears on the surface
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latent content
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hidden ideas that the dream experience represents symbolically
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activation synthesis theory
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dreams occur because the cortex takes the haphazard activity that occurs during REM sleep plus whatever stimuli strike the sense organs and does best to make sense of it
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REM sleep
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a spatial stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity and relaxed muscles
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the iceberg theory of consciousness (freud)
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consciousness-above the iceberg (thoughts and perceptions)
preconscious-slightly under water (memories stored & knowledge) subconscious-deep under water (fears, immoral urges, violent motives etc.) |
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stage 1 of sleep
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brain creates a sensory experience w/o external stimulation (theta waves)
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stage 2 of sleep
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the brain makes sleep spindles or bursts of rapid rhythmic brain activity and sleep talking can occur
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stages 3 & 4 of sleep
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large slow delta waves occur from brain into deep sleep (bedwetting and sleep walking may occur)
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sleep cycle
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1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, REM, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM (each sleep cycle is 90 to 100 mins but all the while REM and stage 2 increase in duration)
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hypnosis
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a condition if increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship
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posthypnotic suggestion
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a suggestion to do or experience something after coming out if hypnosis
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meditation
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a systematic procedure for inducing a calm, relaxed state through the use of special techniques
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deja vu experience
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a feeling that an event is uncannily familiar
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Denzel Washington
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homeostasis
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the maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions within an organism
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drive
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a state of unrest or irritation that energizes one behavior after another until one of them removes the irritation (ie. splinter pain keeps reminding you to take it out)
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splinter
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incentives
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stimuli that pulls us toward an action
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allostasis
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maintaining levels of biological conditions that vary according to an individual's needs and circumstances
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self-actualization
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the need for creative activities to fulfill your potential
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Maslow hierarchy of needs
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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an organization from the most insistent needs to the ones that recieve attention only when others are in control
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delay of gratification
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declining a pleasant activity now in order to get greater pleasure later (I can give you a marshmallow now or I can give you 2 later)
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marshmallow
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mere measurement effect
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simply estimating your probability of doing some desirable acrivity increases your probability of that action
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scientific management approach to job design (Theory X)
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most employees are lazy, indifferent, and uncreative so employers should make the work foolproof and supervise
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human-relations approach to job design (Theory Y)
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employees like variety in their job, a sense of accomplishment, and a sense of responsibility so employers should enrich the jobs and give each employee responsibility for meaningful tasks
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job burnout
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a long-lasting sense of mental and physical exhaustion and discouragement
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transformational leader
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articulates a vision of the future, intellectually stimulates subordinates, and motivates them to use their imagination to advance the organization
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motivational
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transactional leader
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tries to make the organization more efficient are doing what is already doing by providing rewards (paycheck) for effective work
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glucose
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the most abundant sugar in the blood, us an important souce of energy for the body and almost the only source the brain uses
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insulin
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increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells
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set point
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a level that the body works to maintain
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leptin (hormone)
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the body's fat cells release in amounts proportional to their mass & satisfy hunger (your body has enough fat so eat less)
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fat ppl dont have leptin
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obesity
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excessive accumulation of body fat
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anorexia nervosa
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a condition in which someone intensely fears gaining weight and refuses to eat a normal amount
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bulimia nervosa
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alternate between self-deprivation and periods of excessive eating, with a feeling of loss of control
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binge and purge
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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an STD that attacks the body's immune system
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testosterone
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male hormone
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estrogen
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female hormone
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intersexes
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people with an anatomy that appears intermediate between male and female
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gender identity
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the sex that someone regards himself or herself as being
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sexual orientation
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someone's tendency to respond sexually to male or female partners or both or neither
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bisexuality
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attraction to both sexes
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autonomic nervous system
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controls organs such as heart and intestines
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mircoexpressions
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very brief, sudden emotional expressions
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sympathetic nervous system
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arouses the body for vigorous action
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fight or flight
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parasympathetic nervous system
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decreases the heartrate and promotes disgestion and other nonemergency functions
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James-Lange Theory
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your interpretation of stimulus evoles autonomic changes and sometimes muscle actions (perception causes emotion)
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nervous system
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pure autonomic failure
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the autonomic nervous system stops regulation the organs
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Schachter and Singer Theory (of emotion)
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the intensity of the physiological state determines the type of emotion (cognitive labeling causes emotion)
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broaden-and-build hypothesis
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a happy mood increases your readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities
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emotional intelligence
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the ability to percieve, imagine, and understand emotions and to use that information in making decisions
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anxiety
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an increase in the startle reflex
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polygraph
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or lie detector test records sympathetic nervous system arousal (blood pressure, breathing and heart rate, and electrical conduction of the skin ie. sweating)
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guilty knowledge test
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a modified version of a polygraph but produces more accurate results by aaking questions that should be threatening only to someone who knows the facts of a crime
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contempt
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a reaction to a violation of community standards (take credit for another persons work or fails to do their share of the work)
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positive psychology
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studies the features that enrich life (happiness, hope, creativity, coursge, spirituality, and responsibility)
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subject well-being
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a self-evaluation of one's life as pleasant, interesting, satisfying, and meaningful
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health psychology
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addresses how people's behavior influences health
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stress
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an event or events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral responses
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cortisol (hormone)
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enhances metabolism and increases the supply or sugar and other fuels to the cells
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type A personality
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highly competitive, insisting on always winning, impatient and hostile
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intense
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type B personality
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easy-going, less hurried and less hostile
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chill
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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profound result of severe stress characterized by prolonged anxiety and depression
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problem-focused coping
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Doing something to improve the situation
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Reappraisal
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Reinterpreting a situation to make it seem less threatening
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Emotion focused coping
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Regulating one's emotional reaction
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inoculate
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exposing yourself to small amoints of the events
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altruistic behavior
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helping others despite the cost to ourselves
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the prisoners dilemma
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a situation where people choose between a cooperative act and a competitive act that benefits themselves but hurts others
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diffusion of responsibility
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we feel less responsibility to act when other people are equally able to act
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somebody else will call the police
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pluralistic ignorance
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a situation in which people say nothing and each person falsely assumes that others have a better-informed opinion
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social loafing
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the tendency to work less hard when sharing work with other people
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
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the main cause of anger and aggression is frustration- an obstacle that stands in the way of doing or obtaining something
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social psychologist
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study social behavior and how people influence one another
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social perception and cognition
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the processes of learning about others and making inferences from that information
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primacy effect
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first information we learn about somebody influences us more than later information does
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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expectation that increase the probability of the predicted event.
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stereotype
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a belief or expectation about a group of people
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prejudice
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an unfavorable attitude toward a group of people
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discrimination
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unequal treatment of different groups
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implicit association test (IAT)
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measures reactions to combinations of categories such as flowers and pleasant
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multiculturalism
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accepting, recognizing, and enjoying the differences among people and groups
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internal attributions
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explanations based on someone's attitudes, personality traits, abilities etc.
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external attributions
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explanations based on the situation, including events that eould influence almost anyone
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consensus information
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how the person's behavior compares with other people's behavior
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consistency information
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how the person's behavior varies from one time to the next
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distinctivenes
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how the person's behavior varies from one situation to another
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actor-observer effect
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people are more likely to make internal attributions for other people's behavior and more likely to make external attributions for their own
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self-serving bias
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attributions we adopt to maximize credit for success and minimize blame for failure
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self-handicapping strategies
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intentionally put themselves at a disadvantage to provide excuse for failure
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fundamental attribution error
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make internal attributions for people's behavior even when we see evidence for external influence on behavior
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cognitive dissonance
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a state of unpleasant tension that people experience when they hold contradictory attitudes or when their behavior contradicts their stated attitudes, especially of the inconsistency distresses them
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self-hipocracy
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central route to persuasion
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when people take a decision seriously, they invest the necessary time and effort to evaluate the evidence and logic behind each message
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peripheral route to persuasion
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when people listen to a message on a topic they consider unimportant they attend to more superficial factors (ie. the speakers appearance or length of the speech)
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bait and switch technique
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offers an extremely favorable deal, gets the other person to commit the deal and then makes other commands (ie. offer a low deal for a product then claim the product is gone and sell the product they wanted to sell all along)
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foot in the door technique
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starts with a modest request, which you accept, then follows with a larger request (ie. give me $1 *10 days time* now give me $5)
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thats-not-all technique
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someone makes an offer and then improves the offer before you have a chance to reply
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sleeper effect
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delayed persuasion by an initially rejected message
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fore-warning effect
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informing people that they are about to hear a persuasive speech activates their resistance and weakens the persuasion
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inoculation effect
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people first hear a weak argument and then a stronger argument supporting the same conclusion
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mere exposure effect
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the more often we come into contact with someone or something the more we tend to like that person or object
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proximity
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we are most likely to become friends with people who live or work in proximity to us
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exchange or equity theories
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social relationships are transactions in which partners exchange goods and services
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companionate love
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markes by sharing, care and protection (marriage)
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passionate love
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sexual desire, romance, and friendship increases in parallel (honeymoon stage)
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conformity
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altering one's behavior to match other people's behavior or expectations
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group polarization
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if nearly all the people that compose a group feel the same way about an issue, a group discussion moves the group as a whole even further in that direction
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groupthink
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the members of a group suppress their doubts about a group's decision for fear of making a bad impression or disrupting group harmony
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personality
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all the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others, especially in social situations
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chodynamic theory
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relates personality to the interplay of conflicting forces, including unconscious ones, within the individual
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catharsis
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a release of pent-up emotional tension
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psychoanalysis
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Freud's method of explaining and dealing with personality, based on the interplay of conscious and unconscious forces
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unconscious
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memories, emotions, and thoughts, many are illogical that effect our behavior even though we cannot talk about them
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Oedipus complex
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when a son develops a sexual interest in his mother and competitive agression towards his father
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psychosexual pleasure
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all strong pleasant excitement arising from body stimulation
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libido
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psychosexual energy
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fixated
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a person continues to be preoccupied with the pleasure area associated with that stage
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Freud's theory of psychosexual development
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Id, Ego and the Superego
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the id is the idiot in us all, the ego is the one that keeps balance and makes decisions, and the superego is the super uptight rule maker
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Defense Mechanisms against the Ego (Anxiety)
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Carl Jung
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achetypes, problems in ur personality stem from traumatic events, personal (similar to the ID) and collective unconscious (human thoughts and beliefs shared by everyone ie. dont kill or steal etc. )
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Karen Horney
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humanist, fulfill ones true potential, focus on women, 10 neurotic needs, ideal self and real self
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Alfred Adler
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founded individual psychology, ides that we are all born with an inferiority complex and life is motivation by the need to overcome these feelings of inferiority and prove ourselves
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individual psychology
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Adler - a psychology of the person as a whole rather than parts
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inferiority complex
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Adler- an exaggerated feeling of weakness; inadequacy, and helplessness
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striving for superiority
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Adler- a desire to seek personal excellence and fulfillment
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social interest
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Adler- sense of solidarity and identification with others
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gender role
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the pattern of behavior that a person is expected to follow because of being msle or female
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humanistic psychology
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deals with consciousness, values, and abstract beliefs, including spiritual experiences and the beliefs that people live and die for (fulfilling your true potential and becoming a better person)
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ideal self
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Rogers- image of what they would like to be
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self-concept
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Rogers- image of what they really are
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Carl Rogers
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father of humanism, humans are basically good and peopek should strive for excellence to grow
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unconditional positive regard
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Rogers- the complete, unqualified acceptance of another person as he or she is
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self-actualization
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the achievement of one's full potential
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Abraham Maslow
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humanist believed that people are motivated by hierarchy of needs
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trait approach to personality
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people have consistent characteristics in their behavior
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nomothetic approach to personality
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seeks broad, general principles of personality
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idiographic approach to personality
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intensive studies of individuals
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Big Five Personality Traits
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neuroticism (experience unpleasant emotions frequently), extraversion (seek stimulation and enjoy the company of others), agreeableness (compassionate toward others), conscientiousness (show self-discipline, dutiful, and achieve) and openness (try new things)
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biopsychosocial model
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three aspects of abnormal behavior: biological, psychological, and sociological
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systematic desensitization
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reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear
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methadone (drug)
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sometimes offered as a less dangerous substitute for opiates
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alcoholism
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type A- develops gradually, men= women, less severe, no family history
type B- develops rapidly, more often in men, severe, strong genetic basis |
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