Intro To Psych Chapter 7

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

Acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that result in a permanent change in the state of the learner

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

NS produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

Front 3

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 3

Reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction

Front 4

Unconditioned Response

Back 4

Reflexive reaction that is produced by an US

Front 5

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 5

Initially neutral and produces no response in an organism

Front 6

Conditioned Response

Back 6

Reaction that resembles an UR but is produced by a CS

Front 7

Acquisition

Back 7

CS and US are presented together

Front 8

Second-Order

Back 8

Conditioning where stimulus functions as the US is actually the CS from earlier procedure in which it acquired its ability to produce learning

Front 9

Extinction

Back 9

Gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when US is no longer presented

Front 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 10

Learned behavior recovers from extinction after a rest period

Front 11

Generalization

Back 11

CR is observed even thought he CS is slgihtly different from the original one used during acquisiton

Front 12

Discrimination

Back 12

Capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Front 13

Biological Preparedness

Back 13

Propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

Front 14

Observational Learning

Back 14

Learning takes place by Watching the actions of others

Front 15

Diffusion Chain

Back 15

Ind. initially learn behavior by observing another ind. and then serve as a model from which other ind learn the behavior

Front 16

Implicit Learning

Back 16

Learning that takes place without awareness of the process or products of info acquisiton

Front 17

Habituation

Back 17

Repeated or prolonged exposure to stimulus results in gradual reduction in response

Front 18

Operant Conditioning

Back 18

consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether that behavior will be repeated in the future

Front 19

Law of Effect

Back 19

Behaviors followed by "satisfying state of affairs" are repeated and "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated

Front 20

Operant Behavior

Back 20

Behavior that has some impact on the environment

Front 21

Reinforcer

Back 21

Stimulus/event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Front 22

Punisher

Back 22

Stimulus/event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Front 23

Fixed Interval Schedule

Back 23

Reinforcements are presented at fixed times, provided that the appropriate response is made

Front 24

Variable Interval Schedule

Back 24

Behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

Front 25

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Back 25

Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

Front 26

Variable Ratio Schedule

Back 26

Reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

Front 27

Intermittent

Back 27

Only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

Front 28

Intermittent-reinforcement Effect

Back 28

Operant behaviors are maintained under inter. reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

Front 29

Shaping

Back 29

Reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

Front 30

Latent Learning

Back 30

Condition which something is learned but is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

Front 31

Cognitive Map

Back 31

Mental representation of the physical features of the environment