Intro To Psych

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Psychology [psyche-soul, logos-to study]

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The scientific study of the mind ( the private inner experience of thoughts, memories and emotions) and behavior ( observable actions).

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Plato

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Believed in nativism ( the view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn).

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Aristotle

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Believed in philosophical empiricism ( the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience). A child's mind was a blank slate on which only experience could write.

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René Descartes

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Believed that the mind and body are fundamentally two different things. The body is a container for the soul.

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Thomas Hobbes

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He did not believe in the mind/body dualism. Claimed that the mind is what the brain does.

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Paul Broca

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A surgeon who had an insight on Broca's area. Patient Leborgne suffered damage to a small part on the left side of the brain that impaired his ability to communicate efficiently. He could understand everything that was said to him but could only respond through gestures and uttering "tan" repeatably.

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Hermann von Helmhotz

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A physiologist who had developed a method for measuring the speed of nerve impulses by recording reaction time.

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Wilhelm Wundt

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A student of Helmhotz's. Taught the first formal course in psychology in 1867 at the University of Heidelberg. Open the first psychology laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig. He believed that psychology should focus on analyzing the consciousness (a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind). He developed structuralism (the approach in psychology in which analysis of the basic elements constitutes the mind). His primary scientific research method involved introspection ( a method that asks people to report on the contents of their subjective experiences).

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William James

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Wrote the first textbook in psychology, The principles of psychology. Father of american psychology. Developed functionalism (the study of the purpose that mental processes serves in enabling people to adapt to their environment to help them survive and reproduce).

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Sigmund Freud

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A physician who theorized that hysteria was caused by painful memories that the patient could not remember. Claimed the these memories resides in the unconsciousness (part of the mind that operates outside the awareness but influences thoughts, feelings and actions). He developed psychoanalytic theory (suggests the importance of the unconscious mental process in shaping thoughts, feelings and behaviors) which formed the basis for a psychoanalysis therapy (focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders. Patients are led to recall past experiences and articulate their dreams and fantasies). He's ideas suggested that understanding mental life requires a thorough exploration of a person's early sexual experiences and unconscious sexual desires.

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John Watson

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He believed that science required replicable, objective measurements that are accessible to all observers and only behavior could be measured reliably and objectively. Claiming that Introspection was subjective and unreliable. Inspired by Ivan Pavlov's work he made the pavlov's ideas of response and stimulus the building blocks of behaviorism ( the study of objectively observable behavior, what people do).

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B.F. Skinner

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Recognized that in everyday life we act on our environment in our goal to survive and reproduce by learning. He came up with the principle of reinforcement (the consequence of behavior that determine how likely or unlikely it is to occur again) i.e. the skinner box. This principle became the foundation for new behaviorism.

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Max Wertheimer

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He studied psychological illusions and argued the during perception the mind brings together disparate elements and combines them into a unified whole. He developed as a result, gestalt psychology (the active role of the mind in generating perceptual experience).

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Kurt Lewis

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Argued that people react to the world as they see it and not how the world is.

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Cognitive psychology

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The scientific study of mental processes including perception, thought memory and reasoning.

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George Miller

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Claimed the we can pay attention and briefly hold about 7 pieces of information at a time.

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Donald Broadbents

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Showed the limited capacity of the human cognition.

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Behavioral Neuroscience

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An approach that links psychological process to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

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The study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive process and brain activities.

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Evolutionary psychology

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An approach the explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time through natural selection.

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Mary Calking

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First woman elected APA President in 1905. Her theory of "self" in psychological function argued that it was a single unit that cannot be broken down into individual parts.

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Kenneth Clark

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In 1970 first person from a minority group elected president of APA. His research of segregation on the self image of african american children was a large in influence the Brown v. Board of Education, arguing that it created great psychological harm.

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American Psychological Association

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Was formed in 1892.

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Association for Psychological Science

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Was formed in 1988 to focus specifically on the needs of research.