Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Stress |
Tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a stressor strains our ability to effectively meet the demands of the situation Stimulus, event, or situation that requires adaptation or adjustment |
|
|
Stressors as Stimuli SRRS |
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Holmes & Rahe 1967 43 life events ranked as stressors each "weighted" for stress it causes Total weight of stressful events in the previous year associated with risk of illness (physical and mental) |
|
|
Stress as a Response |
Physiological, physical, and behavioral reactions to stressful circumstances Stress-related Feelings Depression, fatigue, hostility/irritability Physiological (endocrine systems) reactions |
|
|
Response Stress Hans Selye (1956) |
General Adaptation Syndrome All prolonged stressors take us through 3 stages of adaptation -Alarm -Resistance -Exhaustion |
|
|
Endocrine System |
Pituitary Gland -Hormones: growth hormones, many others -Functions: controls growth rate, activates other endocrine glands Parathyroid Gland -Hormone: parathormone -Function: regulates calcium Thyroid Gland -Hormone: thyroxine -Function: regulates metabolism Adrenal Gland -Hormone: epinephrine, norepinephrine, corticoids, sex hormones -Function: activates the sympathetic nervous system, controls salt balance, plays a role in puberty and sexual function Pancreas -Hormone: insulin, glucagon -Function: regulates blood sugar Ovaries/ Testes -Hormone: sex hormones -Function: regulate reproduction and sexual functions, responsible for the secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm: HPA Axis |
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary Pituitary releases ACTH Adrenal cortex triggered to release cortisol -energy release -immune response increased |
|
|
General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm: Adrenal Medullary |
Hypothalamus stimulates sympathetic neurons Adrenal gland triggered to release norepinephrine Sympathetic NS arousal -Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration |
|
|
General Adaption Syndrome Resistance |
Adaptation to and coping with stressor -Reduction in sympathetic arousal -Continuing HPA axis activity --Immune response is reduced |
|
|
GAS Exhaustion |
Breakdown in coping capacity -Energy in stores depleted -Rise in BP, immune system suppression, weakened muscles, hypothalamus damage |
|
|
Immune System |
Body's defense against invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances |
|
|
Psychoneuroimmunology |
Study of the relationship between the immune system and the central nervous system
-Colds -Healing of wounds |
|
|
What makes something stressful? |
Threatening or Challenging
Unpredictable (lack of control) |
|
|
Lazarus & Folkman |
Stress is a product of interaction between person and event Primary Appraisal: is it potentially harmful? Secondary: How can I cope? Stress level varies with number of coping strategies |
|
|
Problem-focused Coping |
Trying to improve situation by eliminating or lessening stressor |
|
|
Emotion-focused coping |
trying to manage and reduce painful emotions |
|
|
Tend and Befriend |
Women are predisposed to respond to stress with an affiliative response Gendered alternative to "fight or flight" -associated with secretion of hormone oxytocin under stress --inhibits cortisol release; feelings of calm |
|
|
Social Support |
Social relations with people, groups, and the larger community -Emotional disclosure -Practical assistance -Info to make decisions, contend with stressful things -improved self esteem, lower mortality from physical illness |
|
|
Influences on Stress Response |
Hardiness/Resilience Optimism Self-enhancement Rumination (focusing on how bad we feel) Spirituality and Religion |
|
|
Grief |
Complex reaction to bereavement Stress reaction Separation Response Natural healing process |
|
|
"5 Stages" Model by Kubler-Ross |
WRONG Response to learning one has a terminal illness |
|
|
Stroebe & Schut: Dual Process Model |
Bereavement bring two types of challenges 1. Loss-oriented: feelings, memories 2. Restoration-oriented: revised goals, roles Coping involves going back and forth |
|
|
Acute Grief |
First hours, days, weeks, or months death is hard to accept Painful emotions: dominant Positive emotions: present |
|
|
Proximity seeking |
Yearning, longing, and loneliness Preoccupation with thoughts and memories of the deceased |
|
|
Inhibited Exploration |
Disinterest in the rest of the world |
|
|
Integrated Grief |
Acceptance of the reality of death Painful emotions: less frequent and intense Positive emotions: dominant Interest in world returns |
|
|
Complicated (Prolonged) Grief |
Grief remain acute (>6 months) |
|
|
Reasons for Complicated Grief |
Child or spouse death Death was violent Psychological history: prior trauma Social/ Environmental Factors: low social support, other stressors |
|
|
Psychological Disorder |
Patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving:
-abnormal -unconventional -incomprehensible -organic -suffering -maladaptive |
|
|
Medical Model of Disorders Advantages |
Diagnosis clarifies prognosis and guides treatment decisions Enables pros to communicate w/ each other Replaces moral judgment w/ medical view May reduce self-blame |
|
|
Medical Model of Disorder Disadvantages |
Diagnosis blurs individual differences Labels can stick and stigmatize Can reflect cultural biases |
|
|
Anxiety |
Feeling nervous, tense, anxious Thoughts: worries, intrusions Bodily reactions: stress/ arousal |
|
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
Excessive worry, anxiety for 6+ months Physical, cognitive, emotional symptoms (restlessness, irritability, trouble concentrating) |
|
|
Panic Disorder |
Repeated and unexpected panic attacks Physical symptoms: sympathetic arousal and hyperventilation Change in behavior to prevent panic attacks |
|
|
Agoraphobia |
Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or help is unavailable |
|
|
Social Anxiety Disorder |
Marked fear of public appearance in which embarrassment or humiliation is possible Anticipation of negative evaluation |
|
|
Diathesis-stress model of Anxiety disorders |
Causal factor in Anxiety Disorders Biological vulnerability plus life events and stressors that trigger this vulnerability Biopyschosocial explanation of disorders |
|
|
Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders |
Personality Factors: Neuroticism Biological Factors: Neurotransmitter effects (GABA receptor deficiency and excess limbic or fear activation) Evidence of genetic heritability Life Event Factors Learning theory Factors: Classical/Operant conditioning Cognitive Factors: Catastrophizing (anticipating terrible events despite low probability) or Anxiety sensitivity (fear of fear) |
|
|
OCD |
Repeated, lengthy (>1 hour/day) obsessions, compulsions, or both Causes: evidence of genetic heritability Neurotransmitter effects (serotonin, others implicated) Streptococcal Infections (autoimmune reaction) |
|
|
Obsessions in OCD |
persistent, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress May or may not recognize that fears are unrealistic, excessive Person attempts to neutralize or suppress them |
|
|
Compulsions in OCD |
repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed in response to obsessions, to reduce or prevent anxiety Unrealistic (mental rituals) |
|
|
Major Depressive Disorder |
sad/low mood OR diminished interest in pleasurable activites for at least 2 weeks |
|
|
Persistent Depressive Disorder |
Depressed mood lasting at least 2 years, never absent for as much as 2 months |
|
|
Causal Factors in Depression |
Personality factors: Neuroticism Biological Factors: Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, GABA/ genetic vulnerability Life Events Lack of positive reinforcement Lack of Social Support Rumination (recurrent focus on bad feelings and their causes) Cognitive Distortions: overgeneralization, mind reading Cognitive triad: negative beliefs about oneself, others, the future Depressive attributions of success and failure |
|
|
Marin Seligman: Learned Helplessness |
tendency to feel helpless despite having the ability to respond effectively to challenging events |
|
|
Bipolar Disorder |
Manic episodes in addition to depression -Period of dramatically elevated or irritable mood AND abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy |
|
|
Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorder |
Biological Factors -Genetic Vulnerability -Mechanisms Environmental Factors -Life events -Social rhythm disruption |
|
|
Schizophrenia |
Disturbances in thinking, language, emotion, and relationships lasting at least 1 month and causing dysfunction |
|
|
Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
Delusions: strongly held beliefs that have no basis in reality Hallucinations: sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus (mostly auditory) Disorganized Speech Negative Symptoms (low motivation, speech, cognition) Catatonia (disorganized behavior): resistance to comply with simple suggestions, holding the body in rigid postures |
|
|
Psychotherapy |
providing relief from psychological (emotional, behavioral) problems and suffering through talking and other forms of intercation |
|
|
Hysteria |
Psychoanalysis Physical symptoms without physical causes -Glove anesthesia |
|
|
Breuer & Freud (1895): "Anna O" |
can't drink water (hydrophobia) hypnotized, recalls a dog drinking from a glass removed from trance, asks for glass of water Symptom had a meaning of which Anna was not aware |
|
|
Dynamic Unconscious |
forgetting painful experiences, and also being unaware of uncomfortable feelings and wishes, can be motivated |
|
|
Psychopathology of Everyday Life |
Parapaxes (Freudian slips) Jokes Dreams |
|
|
Pscyhoanalytic Personality Theory |
Unconscious Desires are direct our behavior from infancy onward Conscious ("Ego") functions develop during childhood and adolescence Conflicts result in mental compromises Desires and ways of satisfying them are forced out of awareness |
|
|
Defense |
Maneuvers to minimize anxiety, performed without our awareness -Repression -Denial -Projection -Rationalization -Displacement -Sublimation |
