Intro. To Prehistory

Front 1

Civilizations

Back 1

the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced

Front 2

Rank

Back 2

a position in the hierarchy of the armed forces

Front 3

Urbanized

Back 3

make or become urban in character

Front 4

State

Back 4

a territory considered as an organized community

Front 5

Social Stratification

Back 5

social / culture levels within society

Front 6

Ascribed Status

Back 6

born into the rank / status

Front 7

Achieved Status

Back 7

social position that a person can aquire on basis of merit

Front 8

Centralized Control

Back 8

urbanized, ranked state - level society controlled by government

Front 9

Interment / Burial

Back 9

Elite were buried

Ex. Vladimir Lenin

Front 10

Monuments

Back 10

used to commemorate life of important people

Front 11

Hierarchical Settlements

Back 11

describes the spaces and compares the two (ex. Watts, Ca ; Beverly Hills, Ca)

Front 12

Organization to Economy

Back 12

large scale production of staples and luxury goods; infastructure for transport and storage; reliance on distant trade; specialized technicians managing system

Front 13

Expressions of Economy

Back 13

High abundance of exotic (non-local) goods and materials and construction of extensive roadays/ trail systems and large storage facilities to move staples over large distance

Front 14

Bureaucratic Record Keeping

Back 14

Record size and composition of citizenry, control and influence of commerce and population; create database for future use

Front 15

Collapse of Civilizations

Back 15

"Occurs when the former centralized control can no longer secure resources and political support from periphery areas." signaled by reduced exchange and uniformity; signaled by increase conflict

Front 16

Emic

Back 16

Local Culture

Front 17

Etic

Back 17

From other cultures

Front 18

Mesopotamia

Back 18

the area in the Near East where the Tigris- Euphrates River is

Front 19

Levant

Back 19

Historical geographical region on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Near East)

Front 20

Zagros

Back 20

Mountain range where Iran and Iraq now lie

Front 21

Anatolia

Back 21

Region in the Near East where Turkey now lies

Front 22

Tigris - Euphrates River

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A major river system the Mesopotamia was located around (dry land- no farming), Irrigation makes farming possible in desert

Front 23

Neolithic Period

Back 23

foothills egalitarian villages

Front 24

Chalcolithic Period

Back 24

Cities in river valleys with social inequalities with integrated economic and religious systems.

(ceramic - Bevel Rim Bowls)

Front 25

Hassuna Culture

Back 25

Neolithic archaeological culture in Mesopotamia ("egalitarian") (11,500 - 8,300 ya)

Front 26

Samarran Culture

Back 26

Chalcolithic Culture in Northern Mesopotamia

(8,300 - 6,000 ya)

Front 27

Halafian Culture

Back 27

Chalcolithic Culture, irrigation, some stratification, settlements moved together (integrated) and warfare

(8,300 - 6,000 ya)

Front 28

Karl Wittfogel

Back 28

irrigation or warfare management theory

Front 29

V. Gordon Child

Back 29

Technology and Trade Theory

Front 30

Robert Carniero

Back 30

Population and Internal Conflict Theory

Front 31

Ubaid Culture

Back 31

Cities appear, mass production of food and goods, Integration of ideology and commerce under elites control, clear stratification (Elites vs Servants and specialize work groups)

(8,300 - 6,000 ya)

Front 32

Sumerian Culture

Back 32

12 to 14 river valley cultures interated, large scale trade networks, written record, inventions, social hierarchy (6,000 - 4,300 ya)

Front 33

Akkaduian Culture & Babylonian

Back 33

Urban areas abandoned, constant warfare, military conquest and alliance established empire over Mesopotamia (collapsed 2500 ya)

(4350 - 3000 ya)

Front 34

Tell Madhhur

Back 34

large dwelling, rooms for specialized groups (cooking, craft production)

Front 35

Eridu

Back 35

first city (4000 - 5,000 people) access to new item, major temple, smaller towns contribute to labor and food to construction

Front 36

Ziggurat

Back 36

(Stepped pyramids) extensive communal labor, religion, and commerce combined

Front 37

Ox- Drawn Plow

Back 37

a technological advancement

Front 38

Bevel Rim Bowl

Back 38

standardized size and shape, "monetary" unit

Front 39

Arboreal Cultivation

Back 39

State farming directed towards producing processed produce

Front 40

Barley

Back 40

dense require exenstive cooking

Front 41

Wheat

Back 41

produced bread, became a trade good, less cooking, less heat, ( easy to store)

Front 42

Cuneiform

Back 42

spoken language represented by symbols, more abstract

Front 43

Lower Nile

Back 43

Lower region near Nile river

Front 44

Upper Nile

Back 44

Upper region near Nile river

Front 45

Cataracts

Back 45

rapids

Front 46

Predynastic Period

Back 46

6000 - 5150 ya

Front 47

Archiac Period

Back 47

5150 - 4575 ya

Front 48

Old Kingdom

Back 48

4575 - 4180 ya

Front 49

First Intermediate Period

Back 49

4180 - 4040 ya

Front 50

Second Intermediate Period

Back 50

4040 - 3530 ya

Front 51

New Kingdom

Back 51

3530 - 3070 ya

Front 52

Mastaba

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Royal tomb, designed like a palace, precursors of pyramids, offerings for afterlife

Front 53

King Namer

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from Upper Egypt, gradually "conquered" lower Egypt, "limited" military force

Front 54

Namer Palette

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United Upper and Lower Egypt

Front 55

Hieratic Writing System

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cursive writing

Front 56

Hieroglyphic Writing System

Back 56

monumental pictographs

Front 57

Great Pyramid Giza

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471 ft walls, cardinal directions , 2.3 Millions stone

Front 58

Necropolis

Back 58

"City of Dead", Tombs for Kings and Queens and their families

( Mastaba was for other royals)

Front 59

Tutankhamen

Back 59

Son of Akhenaton and his sister, reign (1332 - 1322 b.c), strong advisors

Front 60

Akhenaton

Back 60

king Tut's dad, tried to change state religion, New Capital of Amarna

Front 61

Olmec Heads

Back 61

"Helmeted Rulers", depiction of powerful chief / priests, (social hierarchy)

Front 62

Maya Civilization

Back 62

Located in Yucatan, best known in Americas, 2300 - 481 ya

Front 63

Toltec Civilization

Back 63

Post - Mayan Civilization (1000 - 500 ya)

Front 64

Aztec Civilization

Back 64

Post- Mayan Civilization, Valley of Mexico (700 - 500 ya)

Front 65

Cultural Resources Management

Back 65

Protecting and preserving resources and heritage