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84 Cards in this Set
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What is politics |
Activity related to influceing, making or implementing collective decisions for a political community |
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What is power |
The ability to achieve an objective by influencing the behaviour of others -particularly to get them to do what they would not have otherwise done (Hard and soft power) |
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Ways power can be exerted |
Coercion (using fear or threats to achieve an outcome) Inducements (achieving an outcome by offering a reward or bribe) Persuasion (persuade others to think or act a certain way) (truthful or misleading info) Leadership |
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What are the 3 faces of power |
1) first face (ability to affect decisions) 2) second face (ability to ensure issued are not raised on political agenda) 3) third face (ability to affect dominant ideas of society) |
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What is a political agenda |
The issues that are considered important and given priority in political deliberations |
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What is authority |
The right to exercise power that is accepted by those being governed as legitimate (Must be excepted for political stability) |
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What is legitimacy |
Acceptance by the members of a political community that those in positions of authority have the right to govern (If seen as legitimate the govemenrt can rely on authority rather than coercion to have people obey laws) |
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What are the 3 types of authority |
1) charismatic 2) traditional 3) legal rational |
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What is charismatic authority |
-based on the perception that a leader has extraordinary or supernatural qualities (Personal qualities of a leader) -revolutionary leaders |
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What is traditional authority |
Based on customs that establish the right of certain persons to rule (Right to rule that was sanctified by religious authorities) -hereditary, elders, the queen |
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What us legal rational authority |
The right to rule based on legal rules and procedures rather than personal qualities of the rulers (Voting) |
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What is the common good |
What is good for the entire political community -democary is the best way of achieving the common good -not everyone has the same idea of the common good |
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What is political science |
The systematic study of politics |
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What is a state |
An independent self governing political community whose governing institutions have the capability to make rules that are binding on the population within a particular territory (Highest authority) (All states are legally equal) (Bigger, broader and more permanent) |
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What is sovereignty |
The principle that states are the highest authority for the population and territory and are not subject to any external authority |
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What are failed states |
A state that is unable to enforce laws, maintain order, protect the lives of citizens and provide basic services |
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What is the government |
The people and institutions that make decisions on behalf of the state forbade particular period of time (State includes the government) (Government is only one part of the state)
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What was the westphalian system |
-a principle in international law -put an end to wars of religion that devastated Europe -incorporatrd the concept of sovereignty -enter eachothers counties if invited or genocide |
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What is a nation |
A group of people who shares a sense of common identity and who typically believe they should be self governing within their homeland -bassd on common characteristics like ethnicity, language, religion, history (People) |
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What is nation state |
A sovereign state based on people living in a country who share a sense of common identity as members of a particular nation Nation (people) + state (legitimate political authority) = nation state |
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What is nationalism |
Idea that turn nation state is the best form of political community, that a nation should have it's own self governing state and that the interests and culture of the nation should be promoted |
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What are the 2 types of nationalism |
Ethnic nationalism ( nationalism should be based on common ancestry along with cultural traditions associated with a particular ethnic group) Civic nationalism ( based in the shed political values and political history of those who are citizens of a country) |
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What is self determination |
The right to determine their own political status, including choosing to have their own sovereign state |
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What is globalization |
The processes that are increasing the interconnectedness of the world (World is shrinking) |
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What are the 3 realms of globalization |
Economic Political Cultural |
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What is economic globalization |
-the production of goods in one country and selling it around the world -produce goods cheapest to manufacture and sell where profits the highest -the devel of a global economic system in the terms of production, trade and finance |
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What is political global |
International government organizations -countired join together to solve common problems |
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What is cultural globalization |
The spreading of cultural products and values around the world -through news, technology |
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Economic globalization (good or bad) |
-more consumer choice -economic growth -more jobs -economic crises become global -low wage |
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Political globalization (good or bad) |
-build relationships -loss of national sovereignty |
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Cultural globalization (good or bad) |
-access to different worlds -enhanced power of west (McWorld) -less identification with nation state |
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What is ideology |
A set of interrelated ideas and beliefs about government, society, economy, and human nature that impact political action (Associated with the ideas of enlightenment) |
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What is enlightenment |
Intellectual movement that developed in the mid 18th century emphasizing the power of human reason to understand and improve the world |
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Why are ideologies important |
-give different ideas of the common good -power struggle over ideas is the core of politics |
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Where did the terms left and right come from |
-from the seating arranga of the french national assembly after the french revolution |
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What does right mean |
Those who favored the old order -associated with greater social and economic equality -individual rights and freedoms |
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What does left mean |
Those who opposed the absolute power of the monarch -associated with seeing inequality as a natural feature of human society -traditional religious and moral values |
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What is liberalism |
-opposition to absolute power of monarchy -indivoduals can use reason and rational actions in pursuit of their interests -all free and equal rights -indivoduals should take responsibility for their own lives with little interference by government |
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What is classical liberalism |
Limited govmenrt -needed to protect life liberty and property -favours a laussez faire economic system |
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What is laissez faire economic system |
Privately owned businesses, workers and consumers freely interact in the marketplace without government interference |
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What is refore liberalism (welfare liberalism) |
-combines the support for individual freedom with the belief that government action may be needed to help remove obstacles to individual development (Equal playing field) |
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What is neo liberalism |
Based on a strong belief in the free marketplace and opposition to govmenrt intervention in the economy -indivudal responsibility -entrepreneurship -competition |
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Conservatism |
-humans are imperfect, great potential for evil and limited capacity for reason -need order and stability -respect for authority and tradition -strong state (enforce laws and keep order) -natural inequalities (responsibility of wealthy to protect and help the poor) -not the government job to fix inequalities |
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What is the new right |
Conservatism perspective that combines the promotion of free market capitalism and limited government and traditional cultural and moral values -more individualistic |
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What is socialism |
Human beings are social rather than self interested -naturally cooperative -communal ownership rather than private -equality |
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What is Marxism |
Proletariat and bourgeoisie -exploitation -workers revolt to socialism |
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What is communism |
System where private property is replaced with collective ownership where everyone can take what they need (Socialism is first stage then communism) |
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What is leninism |
Version of mariam that includes the belief that the capitalist system can be overthrown only by force of a tightly disciplined party controlled by a revol vanguard |
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What is democratic socialism |
Modern form of socialism -socialism should be achieved through democratic means -society should be democratic in nature |
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What is fascism |
Human nature is emotional rather than rational -belief in naturalness of inequality (strong dominate the weak) -loyalty to nation state is very important -workd driven by struggle for dominance -will to power embodies the will of the people |
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What is neo fascism |
Some characteristics of fascism in monder times -opposition to immigrants |
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What is feminism |
Perspective that views society as patriarchal and seeks to achieve full independence and equality for women -inequality |
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What is patriarchy |
System where power is in the hands if men and many aspects of women's lives are controlled by men -men make policies and laws |
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What are the different types of feminism |
1) liberal ( advocates equal opportunities for women in areas like education, and employment and political rights) 2) socialist (women are oppressed by Male dominated society and capitalist system) 3) radical (views of society based on the oppression of women and liberate women through transformation of social institutions, values and relationships) |
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What is populism |
Divides society into the people and the elites -targets alienated population -anti government |
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What is environmentalism |
Perspective based on the idea that humanity needs to change its relationship to nature to protect the natural environment -limits of growth -sustainable development (meeting the needs of the present without consuming to much for future generations) |
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What are the different types of environmentalism |
1) reform (solution in terms of better science, technology and environment management) 2) free market( rights of private property and free market economy needed for environmental protection) 3) social( social, economic and political relationships of hierarchy as cause) 4) ecofrminism (male dominance as the cause ) |
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What is political culture |
The fundamental political values, beliefs and orientations that are widely held within a political community |
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What shapes a political culture |
People (original inhabitants, settlers, immigrants) Historical events (canada counter revolutionary, US revolutionary) Geography (where your are, the weather, population; climate) Economy (natural resources, trade) |
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What is the Canadian political culture |
-democratic -reform/welfare liberalism -also conservative and socialist ideas (Political culture shifts with time) |
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How has Canada's political culture changed |
-less conservative and more liberal -decline in deference -declining trust in government -lower sense of political efficacy -rise of postmaterialist values |
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What is political efficacy |
Attitude that individuals think that they can impact political decisions and government is responsible to what people want |
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What is there democratic deficit in canada and the us |
-declining trust in government -declining voter turnout -declining party involvement |
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Who is voting more |
-older -educated -higher income -caucasian -women -political efficacy |
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What is life cycle effect on voting |
The effort of ones age on their attitudes and behavior -as people get older their attitudes and behaviors may change from changing circumstances related to age |
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What is generational effect on voting |
The effect on attitudes and behavior of the views of different generations that persist throughout the life cycle |
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What is political socialization |
The process where the values, attitudes and beliefs of a political culture are transmitted to members to members of the political community |
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How does political socialization happen |
-civil society (family, peer groups, religious community groups) -public education system -media -government (state directed) |
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What are political parties |
An organization that has a central role in the competition for political power in legislative bodies and in governing |
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What are the functions of political parties |
-link citizens to government -aggregete interest -key role in elections (electoral platforms, cues for voters; mobilize voters, compete for votes) -recruit candidates -hold governments to account -electoral platforms -alternative government -instrumesnts of change |
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What are cadre parties |
Loose organized party that is usually established by members of a legislative body with support form local notables -concerned with electing members of the party to legislative bodies -rely on other parties for financing -selected own leaders from within their group |
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What are mass parties |
Party that draws its support from a regular dues paying membership and has a strong party organization outside of legislature -effort to involve members in policy development -large membership base support -created outside legislative bodies |
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What is a programmatic party |
A party that has a distinct ideological perspective or a set of policy goals that are consistently followed over time (NDP, Green party, reform party) |
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What are personalized parties |
A party dominated by a powerful leader combined with a weak party organization that follows the wishes of the party leader |
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What are brokerage parties |
A party that attempts to find compromises to accommodate a variety of interests so they can build a broad support across the country in a non ideological manner (Liberal party, conservative party, Democrats and Republicans) |
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What are cleavages |
A social division that involves those associated with each grouping having a distinct collective identity and distinct interests that can lead to the development of organizations |
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What are some cleavages in political systems |
Region Religion Nation Ethnicity Class Issues Nature of electoral system |
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What is the conservative party in Canada |
-first organized political party -cadre party -favours smaller government, lower taxes, less regulation of business, family values, increased provincial government autonomy |
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What is the liberal party |
-opposed to conservatives -classic liberalism (individual rights, power of elites, limited government -reform liberalism over time |
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What is the new democratic party (NDP) |
-mass party -social democratic ideology -has its roots in the co operative common wealth federation -supports welfare state measures and greater social and economic equality |
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What is the green party |
-mass party (environmental movement) -focuses on environmental issues but also positions on health care, economics, foreign policy and human rights |
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What are the bloc quebecois |
Founded by parliament members who where upset that the PC go was considering a proposed constitutional agreement that would have recognized Qubec and a distinct society -main goal was Quebec independence -only runs candidates in Quebec |
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What are electoral professionals |
A political party whose dominant concern is winning elections and that relies on professional experts to market the party to voters |
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What do modern political parties focus on today |
-winning elections -avoid clear ideological positions -respind to public opinion -dominance of party leaders -permanent campaign -negstive advertising -use of social media |
