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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Pagans worship?
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the sun, they made no separation between the natural and supernatural
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What did Socrates emphasize and believe?
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questioning and reflection, he was monotheistic - denied the greek gods
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What did Plato believe?
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1 perfect, rest imperfect, essentialism, rationalism, principle of plentitude
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What did Aristotle believe?
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He was the 1st great western naturalist and empiricist - knowledge arises from sense experience
how vs why evidence over thinking father of logic everything in nature overlapped - no boundaries |
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What did St Augustine believe?
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God created Earth - Judeo-Christian creationism
natural theology |
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What did Francis Bacon believe?
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king ruled under God.
Was a scientist but fought atheism. empiricism knowledge is power |
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What did Rene Descartes believe?
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he was a deist, physical explanantion for everything, doubt - cannot trust senses
maths - equations |
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why is Linnaeus important?
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father of taxonomy
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What was the enlightenment?
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the belief that the expansion of knowledge, the application of reason, and dedication to scientific method would result in the greater progress and happiness of humankind.
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Why did Newton give credability to the enlightenment?
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suggested that the natural world could be explored and understood, and that nature and everything in it was governed by underlying ‘laws’; that there were rational, universally valid answers to the questions asked by an enquiring mind; that for every effect there was an identifiable cause, for every natural phenomenon an explanation, a category and a definition, if only we try hard enough to find it. This confidence in reason or intellect lies at the heart of the Enlightenment.
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Who came up with biodiversity?
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Buffon.
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What did Buffon say about the Earth?
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it has had a series of cyclical epochs and it is old.
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What were Lamarck's beliefs?
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species not fixed
teleology inheritance of acquired traits no extinction - transmutation spontaneous generation of complexity |
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what is humanism?
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humans are the ultimate power
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what is rationalism?
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logic
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whats is reductionism?
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everything reduced to a simpler reason
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What did Georges Cuvier believe?
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anti-evolutionist - opposed Lamarck
paleontology + comparative anatomy functionalism catastrophism |
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What did Etienne Geoffrey Saint-Hilliare believe?
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rapid evolution
embryologist essentialism internalism all organisms as variants of an archetype - all have 1 stage that is identical |
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Who were Darwin's influences?
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The classical greeks and french naturalists but most influential were:
William Paley his grandfather Erasmus - all life from a common ancestor, species transformed Richard Lyell - uniformitarianism, stratigraphy - gradual change in rock layers, cycles of life on Earth, anti-evolutionist! |
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What is the theory of natural theology?
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nature has designers
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What was the state of biology at Darwin's time?
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many evolutionary thinkers - some natural selection like ideas
debate of change and mechanisms religion still preferred to science great chain of being |
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What changed in Darwin's time?
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universe constantly changing
end of teleology essentialism disfavoured humans and animals not separate uniformitarianism internalism-functionalism united metaphysical naturalism |
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what is metaphysical naturalism?
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everything can be explained naturally - no need for religion
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What did Darwin think about the Galapagos finches?
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1 species had been taken and modified for different ends
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What is the embryological evidence for evolution?
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Haekel, Von Boer - all animals pass through similar developmental stages
Darwin's barnacles - development diverges embryo structure often not related to its adult environment but to its ancestry common ancestors |
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What was the relationship between Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace?
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read many of the same books and travelled similar areas, Darwin ignored 1st paper Wallace sent him but it worried him so he invited him to simultaneous publication when Wallace sent another
Wallace became Darwin's proponent but later became a spiritualist and criticised Darwin's work. |
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What are thee 7 key ingredients of The Origin Of Species?
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artifical selection = analogy for natural
survival of fittest through natural selection geology/geography ever changing paleontology diversity embryology - recapitulation gradualism sexual selection - behaviour |
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What was the reception to The Origin Of Species?
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major sucess
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What was accepted at Darwin's time?
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evolution happens
common ancestry and descent species can change |
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What was still debated at Darwin's time?
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pace of change
mechanism of change |
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What were the 3 alternatives to Darwin's theory?
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Lamarckism
Saltation - sudden change Orthogenesis (teleology? |
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What was the Wilberforce-Huxley debate?
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science vs religion
Rev Wilberforce - religion vs Huxley (science) science wins |
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Who were Darwin's critics?
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Richard Owen - enemy. Transmutation but anti-evolutionary
Agassiz - ice age idea, favoured Cuvier/Paley ideas Robert Chambers - social progress =God's plan. Humanity entirely governed by natural laws |
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What is essentialism?
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species don't change through time
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what is empiricism?
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knowledge arises from sense experience
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what is teleology?
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study of design and purpose
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what is paleontology?
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study of pre-hisotric life
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What is catastrophism?
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extinction caused by catastrophes
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what is internalism?
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mental phenomenon have an internal rather than external basis
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what is deism?
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belief in God based on the application of our reason on the designs/laws found throughout nature. Not a revealed religion which claim to have received a special revelation from God
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