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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 9 methods of drug administration? |
Oral, sublingual, intravenous, topical, inhalation, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal, rectal |
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Describe the FDA drug approval process |
1.) Pre-clinical studies in vitro and animals 2.) Clinical trials in healthy patients and target patient population |
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Describe the different phases of clinical trials |
Phase 1: testing in healthy volunteers Phase 2a: testing in target population to ensure efficacy Phase 2b: dose ranging studies to determine upper/lower limits of therapeutic and adverse effects Phase 3: large multicenter trial to test safety and efficacy in patient population Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance |
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What is pharmokinetics? |
How body interacts with drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, secretion) |
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What is pharmodynamics? |
How drug interacts with body (receptor interactions, dose-response, mechanisms of action for therapeutic and adverse effects) |
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List the routes of drug administration in order from fastest to slowest |
Transdermal < Topical < Oral < rectal < SC < IM < sublingual < Inhalant < IV |
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What is the first pass effect? |
This occurs when the drug is eliminated before it reaches circulation. Drugs taken get absorbed into the hepatic portal from the celiac, inferior/superior mesenteric veins. Enzymes in the stomach and intestine can metabolize most of the drug before they can reach the bloodstream |
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Why does the addition of a fixed concentration of an irreversible pharmacologic antagonist to increasing concentrations of an agonist decrease the apparent efficacy of an agonist? |
The antagonist reduces the number of receptors available to the agonist for activation and signal transduction. The effect of a drug is proportional to the number of receptors activated. |
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Why does the addition of a fixed concentration of a reversible competitive pharmacologic antagonist to increasing concentrations of an agonist decrease the apparent potency of the agonist? |
The presence of the antagonist effectively decreases the binding affinity of the receptor for the agonist. Potency is determined by affinity of the receptor for the drug. |
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What are the components of pharmacodynamics? |
Concentration-response, properties of drug receptors, types of drug-receptor interactions |
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What are the components of pharmacokinetics |
Absorption of drugs, distribution of drugs, elimination of drugs, pharmacokinetic calculations (dosages) |
