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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define pathology |
study of disease, analysis of body fluids, tissues for diagnostic purposes |
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define disease |
structural or functional change within body judged to be abnormal |
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define pathogenesis |
sequence of events that lead to abnormalities |
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define etiology |
science or study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation, the science of cause or causality |
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define diagnosis |
act of process of identifying or determining the nature, cause of a disease or injury through veal of pt history, exam, lab data |
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define symptom |
evidence of disease as presented by pt |
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define sign |
physical observation by clinician or examiner (what you see) |
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define lesion |
pathologic/structural change in tissue |
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define inflammation |
"itis" nonspecific reaction of tissue to injury |
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four cardinal signs of inflammation (+1) |
rubor tumor calor dolor loss of function |
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rubor |
redness dilation of blood vessels and increased blood in injury sight |
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tumor |
swelling increased fluid in cells in intercellular space |
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calor |
heat increased blood and cellular levels of activity |
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dolor |
pain due to compression of nerve fibers, accumulated fluids and release of pain producing chemicals |
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loss of function |
5th (+1) sign of inflammation |
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responses to injury of inflammation |
vasoconstriction vasodilation vascular permeability exudation edema |
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vasoconstriction |
brief, turns white |
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vasodilation |
increased blood (active hyperemia) |
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vascular permeability |
endothelial cells contract-gaps, cells may be damaged |
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exudation |
allows fluid/plasma to leave blood vessels |
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types of exudation |
serous fibrinous suppurative |
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serous exudation |
clear/low protein, cells |
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fibrinous exudation |
high protein (fibrin) |
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suppurative exudation |
high in neutrophils |
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edema |
large amount of leakage of fluid into surrounding tissues dilutes toxins contains antibodies |
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responses to injury - cellular response |
migration pavementation emigration chemotaxis phagocytosis |
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migration |
blood leukocytes move to periphery of blood vessels/ margination RBC to center of vessel |
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pavementation |
adhesion |
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emigration |
goes into intercellular space, comes out of blood vessels |
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chemotaxis |
chemicals released to attract WBCs |
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phagocytosis |
ingestion of particles by WBCs engulfs -> vesicle -> digestive enzyme -> breaks down -> discharge of waste (neutralized) |
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WBCs |
polymorphonuclear granulocytes mononuclear leukocytes |
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polymorphonuclear granulocytes |
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN/neutrophil) eosinophil basophil mast cell |
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polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN/neutrophil) |
50-70%, most common comes from bone marrow, enzymes to breakdown protein, forms pus (dead neutrophils) |
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eosinophil |
1-5% long life plays a role in parasitic diseases |
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basophil |
precursor of mast cells |
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mast cell |
cause allergica reactions |
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mononuclear leukocytes |
monocyte (macrophages) lymphocyte (Tcells, Bcells, NK natural killer cells) plasma cell |
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monocyte (macrophages) |
1-5% live longer than neutrophils |
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lymphocyte (Tcells, Bcells, NK natural killer cells) |
HIV "Tcell count" come from the lymph tissue. chronic inflammation |
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plasma cell |
derived from lymphocytes (B), produce antibodies |
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chemical mediators |
vasoactive amines plasma proteases |
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vasoactive amines |
histamine serotonin |
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histamine |
allergic reactions, increase permeability of blood vessels, contract muscles |
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serotonin |
chemical messenger |
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plasma proteases |
kinin system fibrinolytic system complement system |
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healing |
granulation tissue resolution regeneration replacement |
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granulation tissue |
precursor to healing, vascular and bloody |
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resolution |
minimal tissue damage (paper cut) |
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regeneration |
replacement of destroyed tissue by newly formed tissue of a similar nature (bone). Highly specialized tissue have little or no ability to regenerate |
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replacement |
most of the time heals by replacement replacement of destroyed tissue by nonfunctioning tissue of CT. scar |
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healing process |
primary intention secondary intention tertiary intention scar formation |
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primary intention |
puncture/stab, narrow and deep, scab heals from bottom up, can suture |
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secondary intention |
large wound more defect |
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tertiary intention |
wound has become infected by bacteria difficult to clean/repair |
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scar formation |
loss of function contraction/obstruction/adhesion keloid |
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define keloid |
thick layer of connective tissue |
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define infection |
subset of inflammation reaction of tissue to invasion and injury by microorganisms |
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types of infection |
opportunistic zoonotic bacteremias septicemia toxemia |
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opportunistic |
takes advantage of people with weak immune systems (pneumonia) |
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zoonotic |
infection/diseases that cross species |
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bacteremias |
bacteria present in blood |
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septicemia |
bacteria present in blood accompanied by symptoms |
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toxemia |
toxins produced by microorganisms and circulated in blood, causing damage in tissue |
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reversible cell and tissue responses to infection |
hyperplasia hypertophy atrophy metaplasia dysplasia hyperkeratosis |
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hyperplasia |
increase in the number of cells making up a tissue or organ response of tissue or organ to increased function e.g. thyroid-goiter |
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hypertophy |
(body builders) increased in size of cells which constitutes the tissue or organ response to meet increased functional demand |
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atrophy |
decrease in size, cells, organ tissue or body parts decreased strength and mobility physiologic atrophy pathologic atrophy |
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metaplasia |
stimulus that changes one cell type to another (e.g. lungs) |
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dysplasia |
lack of proper maturation of tissues |
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hyperkeratosis |
changes in epithelium in response to frictional, chemical, thermal and sometimes bacterial infection an attempt for body to protect tissue under the area of infection increased keratin layer providing harder surface to protect against irritation |
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neoplasms |
(new growth) benign malignant |
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benign |
slow growth encapsulated soft to palpations unable to metastasize (spread) freely movable recurrence rare normal mitosis well differentiated cells |
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malignant |
(doubles or triples in a few weeks) rapid growth lack of encapsulation indurated (hard) can metastasize fixed to underlying tissue recur frequently bizarre mitosis poorly differentiated cells |
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malignant neoplasms |
cancer |
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define carcinogenesis |
process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells |
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risk factors for cancer |
genetic* viral radiation chemical age diet hormonal biologic |
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warning signs for cancer |
unusual bleeding/discharge change in bowel/bladder habits change in mole/wart sore that does not heal unexpected weight loss anemia/low hemoglobin fatigue persistent cough/hoarseness solid painless lump anywhere on body |
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effects of cancer |
local systemic |
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local |
pain, obstruction, tissue necrosis/ulceration |
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systemic |
weight loss/cachexia (loss of appetite), anemia, severe fatigue, infections/lower host immunity, bleeding, paraneoplastic syndrome most people don't die from cancer - die from pneumonia bc of weakened immune system |
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spread of cancer |
invasion metastasis seeding |
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invasion |
of tissues |
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metastasis |
blood supply/lymph nodes |
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seeding |
cutting lesion -> push some of the cells out |
