Intro To Neuropsychopharm

Front 1

what are the different types of neurotransmitters?

Back 1

neuropeptides and small molecule transmitters

Front 2

what are examples of small molecule transmitters?

Back 2

amino acids, biogenic amines, purines, CO, NO, zinc, fatty acids

Front 3

what are the amino acid transmitters?

Back 3

glutamate(excitatory), GABA(inhib),glycine(inhib)

Front 4

what are the biogenic amine transmitters?

Back 4

Ach, biogenic monoamines(dopamine, NEPI, EPI, tyramine, serotonin, histamine)

Front 5

what are the purine transmitters?

Back 5

adenosine, ATP, derivatives

Front 6

what are the fatty acid transmitters?

Back 6

anandamide(may be endogenous cannabinoid)

Front 7

what are some characteristics of neurons in alzheimers?

Back 7

brain tissue has fewer nerve cells and synapses

Front 8

what are plaques?

Back 8

abnormal clusters of protein fragments between cells

Front 9

what are tangles?

Back 9

dead and dying nerve cells contain them, twisted strands of proteins inside the cell

Front 10

where are neurotransmitters made?

Back 10

soma and axon terminal

Front 11

what is the process of neurodevelopment?

Back 11

neurogenesis->selection->migration->differentiation->synaptogenesis(presynaptic axonal growth and connections) -> synaptogenesis(postsynaptic dendritic arborization)

Front 12

what regions of the brain does neurogenesis continue in adules?

Back 12

hippocampus and olfactory bulb

Front 13

what are some causes of neurodegeneration?

Back 13

stress,depression,aging

Front 14

what are some ways to reverse cell loss?

Back 14

learning, exercise, antidepressants, psychotherapy

Front 15

what is neuronal selection?

Back 15

neurons are formed in excess, some healthy and some damaged, normal development chooses the good neurons, in some disorders the defective neuron is left and can cause disorders

Front 16

explain necrosis in neurons

Back 16

if a neuron is destroyed by poisons, suffocation, toxins, it explodes and will cause inflammation

Front 17

explain apoptosis in neurons

Back 17

normal process in which unwanted neurons are eliminated without inflammation, most happens in utero

Front 18

how do neurons get to their proper destination?

Back 18

trace glial cells, adhesion molecules are coated on the migrating neuron, forms a molecular velcro

Front 19

when is neurogenesis and migration complete?

Back 19

by birth, but dendrites and axons continue to grow upon activation for life

Front 20

what are some problems that can occur with neurodevelopment?

Back 20

the undeveloped neuron may fail to develop due to disease or lack neuronal or environmental stimulation OR it may develop normally and then lose the gains(adult onset neurodegeneration)

Front 21

what age are the most synapses present?

Back 21

age 6

Front 22

when are half of the connections removed?

Back 22

over the next 5-10 years

Front 23

what is a cause of disease states?

Back 23

under or over pruning

Front 24

what are the roles of glial cells(oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, astrocytes)

Back 24

structure, scavengers, buffer K+ ion concentration, during development guide and direct neurons, line the BBB, astrocytes may have communication role with neurons

Front 25

what can glial cells differentiate into?

Back 25

neurons or astrocytes

Front 26

what controls the number of mature and functional synapses?

Back 26

glia

Front 27

what mechanism is glial cell excitability based on?

Back 27

calcium signaling

Front 28

what are some processes that involve glial cells?

Back 28

drug addictions, pain, hypersensitivity, epilepsy

Front 29

what receptors does dopamine bind to?

Back 29

D1 family and D2 family (METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS)

Front 30

what is the effect of dopamine binding to D1 receptors?

Back 30

increase cAMP

Front 31

what is the effect of dopamine binding to D2 receptors?

Back 31

decreases cAMP, can suppress Ca2+ currents and activate K+ current

Front 32

what are the 3 dopamine pathways?

Back 32

nigrostriatal, mesocortical(neurons from TVA go to midbrain regions and then frontal cortex), and tuberinfundibular pathway

Front 33

what are partial agonists thought to be?

Back 33

stabilizers

Front 34

what are the functions of dopamine?

Back 34

motor planning and execution, reward procession, cognition, attention, working memory, motivation, mood, emotions, sleep, prolactin production

Front 35

what are some disorders that involve dopamine function alteration?

Back 35

schizophrenia, parkinsons, ADHD, substance abuse

Front 36

what are dopamine agonists used for?

Back 36

parkinson's

Front 37

what are dopamine D2 antagonists and partial agonists used for?

Back 37

antipsychotic and antimanic

Front 38

what are dopamine reuptake inhibitors used for?

Back 38

drug of abuse, ADHD

Front 39

what are releasers of dopamine used for?

Back 39

drug of abuse

Front 40

what are prodrug of dopamine used for?

Back 40

parkinson's

Front 41

what are MAO inhibitors used for?

Back 41

depression

Front 42

Is serotonin and inhibitory or excitatory NT?

Back 42

both

Front 43

what type of receptors are the 5HT1 family?

Back 43

metabotropic, linked to adenyl cyclase or K or Ca conductance, may be involved in temp regulation, mood, anxiety, drugs for migraine headache, anxiety, and depressive disorders

Front 44

what type of receptors are the 5HT2 family?

Back 44

metabotropic, coupled to G proteins and phospholipase C, mood, anxiety, enhancement of serotonin at these sites associated with antidepressants, and weight gain with antipsychotics

Front 45

what type of receptor is 5HT3 family?

Back 45

ligand gated ion channel, emesis and antagonists are antiemetic

Front 46

what is the function of serotonin?

Back 46

fear and flight rxn, sensory processing, pain control, sleep wake cycle, appetite control, emotions, hallucinations, stereotypy

Front 47

what is the lack of serotonin associated with?

Back 47

depression, OCD, other anxiety disorders and pain

Front 48

what is the function of antagonists and inverse agonists at 5HT2A?

Back 48

atypical antipsychotic, antidepressant

Front 49

what is the function of antagonists and inverse agonists at 5HT1A?

Back 49

atypical antipsychotic, anxiolytic

Front 50

what is the function of antagonists and inverse agonists at 5HT1A presynaptic site-autoreceptor?

Back 50

antidepressants

Front 51

what does ACh bind to?

Back 51

5 metabotropic receptors and to ligand gated nictonic receptors, action causes influx of Na, depol and increases presynaptic NT release

Front 52

what are the second messengers involved with ACh?

Back 52

K conduntance, cAMP and IP3/DAG pathway(Increase in cation conductance)

Front 53

where are ACh receptors present?

Back 53

basal ganglia, basal nucleus of Meynert to cerebral cortex and septal area to hippocampus

Front 54

what are the functions of ACh in the CNS?

Back 54

cortical activation, neuromodulatory effects on synaptic plasticity, cognitive functioning, stimulates REM sleep, motor coordination

Front 55

what are the functions of ACh in the periphery?

Back 55

muscarinic actions in heart, lungs, upper GI, sweat glands, salivation glands, pupil size, nicotinic actions in heart, blood vessels, NMJ

Front 56

what disease involves the loss of central muscarinic cholinergic neurons?

Back 56

alzheimers

Front 57

what does antagonists at central muscarinic sites cause?

Back 57

cognitive impairment, eg of drugs: benztropine, atropine, scopolamine

Front 58

what do selective M2 antagonists do?

Back 58

increase ACh release in brain

Front 59

what are some drugs used in alzheimers?

Back 59

donepezil and rivastigmine

Front 60

what is the function of NEPI?

Back 60

arousal, sleep wake cycle, pain, inflammation, emotions, learning and memory

Front 61

what is the pathology associated with NEPI?

Back 61

anxiety, depressive disorders, stress related disorders, pain

Front 62

what are the targets of drugs for NEPI issues?

Back 62

alpha 2 receptor blockers, inhibition of MAO enzyme, inhibition of NEPI transporter site

Front 63

what are the GABA receptors?

Back 63

GABA A ionotrophic receptor which increases Cl conductance and GABA B metabotropic receptor increases K conductance and are inhibitory interneurons at all levels

Front 64

what is the function of GABA?

Back 64

motor coordination, modulatory on excitatory neurons, wake sleep cycle

Front 65

what is the pathology associated with GABA?

Back 65

acute anxiety, sleep onset and duration, epilepsy

Front 66

what are the targets of GABA?

Back 66

agonists at benzodiazepine and barbiturate receptors on GABA A, antagonist at benzodiazepine receptors, inhibition of GABA metabolizing enzyme, agonists at GABA B receptors

Front 67

what are the glutamate receptors?

Back 67

acts and NMBA, AMPA and kainate ionotrophic receptors and increases cation conductance and acts at a metabotropic glutamate receptors, one family increases NMDA receptor activity and two families decrease NMDA activity and possible excitotoxicity

Front 68

where are glutamate receptors?

Back 68

pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex

Front 69

is glutamate inhibitory or excitatory?

Back 69

excitatory

Front 70

what is the function of glutamate?

Back 70

long term memory, learning, neuronal regulation

Front 71

what is the pathology associated with glutamate?

Back 71

neuronal excito toxicity, epilepsy, hallucinations, neurodevelopmental and degenerative diseases(AD, PD, ALS, drug addiction, MS, schizophrenia)

Front 72

what is ketamine?

Back 72

NMDA antagonist