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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is ventral and dorsal mean in the brain?
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according to the embryological development. dorsal-superior
ventral-inferior |
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How do we name anterior and posterior in the brain?
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rostral - front
caudal- back |
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Is there CT in the CNS?
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No, it is just neurons and glial cells
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What does anterograde mean?
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when something goes AWAY from the cell body (like an AP or transport of neurotransmitters)
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What does somatic mean?
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the body wall, including muscle and skin
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What are the visceral motor fibers also called?
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autonomic NS
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What germ layer becomes the whole nervous system?
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The ectoderm
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Envision what the neural plate and notochord look like before folding into the neural tube.
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What is neuralation?
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the thickening of the central ectoderm and it's invagination to become the neural tube
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What induces neuralation? What germ layer is this from?
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The notochord from the mesoderm
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imagine Step 1 neuralation.
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imagine Step 2 neuralation.
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What just happened?
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neural grooves came out and there are two neural crest dots on top
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Imagine step 4
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Where are the neural crest cells? What will they become?
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outside the neural tube. They will become cranial and peripheral nerves.
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When the neural tube forms, is it on the dorsal or ventral part of the body?
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dorsal, the whole baby plate hasn't folded yet
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Recap- what forms the eventual CNS and PNS?
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CNS- neural tube
PNS- neural crests |
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What is the most common birth defect with the NS?
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Neural tube closing defects
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What part of the neural tube clses first and when does it do so in fetal development?
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Draw what the neural crest looks like after neuralation
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What is the top vs bottom of that tube called?
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rostral and caudal
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Which closes first and how long does it take for the other one to close?
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Rostral (brain) closes first and then the Caudal 4 days later.
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What happens when the rostral end fails to close?
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anencephaly (lacks a brain, but spinal cord is ok)
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What happens when the caudal end fails to close?
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very severe spina bifida
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essentially what do you have when you have a defect of closing the neural tube?
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a body wall defect
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What will leak out when you have a body wall defect? To where?
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Alpha fetoprotein by the fetal liver will leak out into the amnionic fluid
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So how would you test for neural tube defects?
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check for elevated alpha feto-protein in amniocentesis
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do these elevated lvels of afp necessarily mean a neural tube defect?
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No it can mean a bodywall defect in any part of the fetus
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What does polyhydraminos mean?
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too much amnionic fluid
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How is amnionic fluid regulated?
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fetus will swallow it to remove and urinate it out
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What neural tube defect can result in polyhydramios? Why?
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failure of rostral end to close because then they don't have a brain to regulate swallowing.
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Would there be polyhydramios in caudal closure failure?
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No
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What are the two plates that form dorsal/ventral polarity in the neural tube? What kind of nerves do they end up forming?
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What is in the neural tube?
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Nothing! it is a hollow tube so far.
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how do you remember the 4 things in the diencephalon?
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They all end in -alamus
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What is the role of the thalamus?
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To filter and relay all the info going to the telencephalon
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What does the hypothalamus do?
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regulates the endocrine and autonomic systems
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What is another name for the epithalamus? Why?
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Pineal gland (that's all it contains)
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What is another name for the subthalamus? How can I remember this?
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basal ganglia (it is at the base, it is sub to all the other thalami)
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What are the lobes of the brain named for?
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the bones of the skull that cover them
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Where is the central sulcus?
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exactly between the frontal and parietal
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What else is derived from the ectoderm?
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skin, hair, and all glands.
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Will MS affect the eyes? Why?
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Yes, because they affect oligodendrocytes that supply myelin to the eyes.
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What is the difference in embryological origin of the PP and AP glands? What does this mean for how they can secrete things?
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AP comes from ectoderm of mouth, which means it can secrete to the blood in veiscles
PP comes from neuroectoderm, which means it releases things with axons. |
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What is the name for the outpouching of oral cavity cells that make the AP?
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rathke's pouch
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What are the two types of ganglia in the body?
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sensory or autonomic
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What "gland" is actually from the neural crest cells? How do you know this?
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The adrenal medulla., which is an autonomic ganglion They secrete epi and norepi.
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What surprising cells (that have a lot of connections) are from neural crest cells that migrated to the skin?
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melanocytes
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What glial cells are from the neural crest?
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Schwann cells
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What meningeal layers are from the neural crest?
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The pia and arachnoid
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What organ surprisingly gets a lot of contribution from neural crest cells?
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the heart (endocardial cushion)
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Now we go into the different forms of spina bifida! (there are 4)
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yay!
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What is the most severe, but least common type of spina bifida?
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myeloschosis?
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dissect the word myeloschisis?
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schisis- split
myelo- spinal cord |
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What is common between the rest of the 3 types of spina bifida?
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They all have a complete spinal cord, but just failed to secrete enough inductive signals to develop a spinous process.
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What does occulta mean?
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mysterious
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What is the only sign of spina bifida occulta? (picture!)
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tuft of hair grows out where it failed to grow a spinous process
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Why is spina bifida occulta called what it is? Mnemonic?
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People are usually asymtommatic and don't know they have it. It also looks kinda freaky that they have that tuft of hair and can be occult.
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What does the word -cele mean?
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cyst
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What is the common thing between spina bifida meningocele and meningomyelocele?
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they both have cyst protrusions out where the spinous process should be.
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What is the difference between these two cyst spina bifidas?
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the meningomyelocele one has the spinal cord outside of where it should be
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Show a picture of this.
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What meningeal layers are outpouched? Logical mnmonic?
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dura and arachnoid because the cyst is filled with CSF pushing both those layers out
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Which of the common spina bifidas is most likely to cause problems in the lower leg?
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spina bifida meningeomyelocele
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Would you have elevated alpha feto protein in these 3 common spina bifidas? Why?
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You may if the cyst leaks fluid out (it does tend to thin the ectoderm layer)
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What illicit drugs can cross the BBB?
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heroin, ethanol,
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Are there only 2 choroid plexuses in each ventricle like in Najeeb's drawings?
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no, there are many of them along the walls where he drew the 2.
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What is the main cause of communicating hydrocephalus?
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problem in drainage
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Who gets prblems in CSF drainage? Why?
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Older people who halve their granulations calcify
People who get infections or hemorrhages that plug up their granulations |
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What are the 3 main sx of someone with normal pressure hydrocephalus?
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wackly, wobbly and wet
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Why do they get these 3 W's?
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degradation of cortical control over these things from all the CSF not being drained/
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Specifically what kind of "wet" will they get?
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infantile bladder that is a loss of being able to choose when they will go. (but reflexes still intact)
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Specifically what kind of "wobbly" will they get?
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apraxic gait that look like they are shuffling and can't take their feet off the groun
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What other disease results in apraxic gait?
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parkinson's
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What kind of pt will classically have hydrocephalus ex vacuo?
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people with alzheimer's or other cortical loss.
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What kind of hydrocephalus is ex vacuo?
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Neither communicating nor noncommunicating because it starts with the brain and is neither a bloackage or drainage problem
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What type of organelle is especially prominent in neuronal cell bodies? WHat is their special name here?
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the rER called nissel bodies
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Why are the rER so prevalent in the neuronal cell bodies?
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because they synthesize neurotransmitters
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are there any nissl substances in the axon?
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no
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How are the NT's moves to the terminal of the neuron? What is the train track and what powers it?
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It is moved by anterograde transport down microtubules which is powered by kinesin.
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What other cell uses a similar mode of tranportation?
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melanocytes transporting melanin
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Do neurons d retrograde axonal transport? For what?
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to transport waste back to the cell body for processing
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What provides the energy for retrograde axonal transport?
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dyenin
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Which direction of axonal transport travels faster? Why is this so?
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anterograde because it is more important to resupply the neurotransmitters
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Which types of axonal transport is more important clinically? Why?
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retrograde because the neuron can actually pick up viruses from it's terminals and retrograde transport them back to the cell body to infect the cell.
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What are two viruses that are taken up through skeletal motor fibers?
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polio and rabies
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How do you remember polio being transported this way?
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polio results in the degradation of skeletal nerves
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How do you remember rabies being transported this way?
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wild, rabid animals will bite you in your muscle
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What toxin can be transported retrograde from skeletal nerves? Mnemonic?
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tetanus toxin. You stab yourself in the muscle with a rusty nail.
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What virus will travel retroograde from sensory nerves?
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herpes
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Where will herpes hide out?
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In the sensory ganglia
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How would you transmit rabies to someone else? Where does the virus travel?
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It travel anterograde to salivary glands so you can infect someone with your bite.
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How would herpes manifest itself? Where does the virus travel?
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it would end up as erupted skin vesicles by travelling anterigrade from it's sensory ganglia to all the nerves that go to it
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What skin distribution does this explain for herpes?
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it explains the sensory dermotomal distribution.
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What does synapse mean?
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To fasten together
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Does the function of the synapse depend on the NT or the receptor?
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the receptor!
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What excitatory NT is present in more then 50% of the CNS?
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glutamate
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What is the main NT is present in the CNS?
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GABA
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Is ACh present in the PNS or CNS?
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Both!
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What does it do in the PNS? (3 functions)
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1. NT of all ganglia
2. NT at all neuromuscular junctions using nicotinic receptors 3. NT for all PS post ganglionic cells using muscarinic receptors |
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What does ACh do in the CNS? (2)
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Neuromodulation
1. memory consolidation 2. sleep/wake cycles |
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What kind of receptors for ACh are present in both these functions in the CNS?
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Both nicotinic and muscarinic subtypes.
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In what disease are the cholinergic neurons aiding in memory consolidation lost?
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alzheimer's
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What can you say about the function of ACh in the nervous system?
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There is a huge distribution of functions depending on the synapse and receptor you are at.
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What receptor is the majority of cholinergic pharmacology aimed at?
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muscarinic receptors.
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Why don't we want to do anything to the nicotinic receptors?
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they are widely distributed and can cause huge musculoskeletal consequences
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What disease happens when there is a lack of dopamine in the midbrain?
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parkinson's
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What is the pleasure center of our brain called? What NT is released here?
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nucleus occumbens, which responds to dopamine
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What may people do to activate the nucleus occumbens?
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take illicit drugs
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What is the most mysterious NT?
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serotonin
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Why is serotonin so mysterious?
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We are not entirely sure what it does because so many different cell types interact with it.
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what does histamine do in the brain?
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it is an excitatory NT that helps you maintain an awake state
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How can you remember what histamine does in the brain with an OTC drug side effect?
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antihistamines taken for allergies may make you very drowsy.
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What kind of NT is glycine?
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inhibitory
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how is glycine different is distribution from the other inhbitory NT, GABA?
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it is not as widespread, but it does cover the spinal cord!
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How many types of neuropeptides are there and what do they usually come in?
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many! over 50! They are usually packages along with the neuron's main NT's.
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