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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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802.11
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The IEEE specification in Project 802 for wireless networks.
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802.15
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The IEEE specification that covers emerging standards for wireless personal area networks (PANs).
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802.16
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The IEEE specification that covers wireless metropolitan area networks (MANs).
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802.2
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The IEEE specification in Project 802 for the Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer of the OSI model’s Data Link layer.
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802.3
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The IEEE specification in Project 802 for Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) networks (more commonly called “Ethernet”). Ethernet users can attempt to access the medium any time it’s perceived as “quiet,” but they must back off and try to transmit again if they detect any collisions after transmission begins.
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802.5
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The IEEE specification in Project 802 for token ring LANs, which map a circulating ring structure onto a physical star and circulate a token to control access to the medium.
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access control
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In the context of the Network layer and routing, the process whereby a router consults a list of rules before forwarding an incoming packet. The rules determine whether a packet meeting certain criteria (such as source and destination address) should be permitted to reach the intended destination.
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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
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A protocol in the TCP/IP suite used to resolve logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses.
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AppleTalk File Protocol (AFP)
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The Macintosh remote file-management protocol.
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Application layer
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Layer 7 in the OSI reference model provides interfaces that enable applications to request and receive network services. See also OSI reference model.
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application protocol
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A type of protocol that works in the upper layers of the OSI model to provide application-to-application interaction.
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automatic private IP addressing (APIPA)
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A special range of addresses that starts with 169.254 and is used by a computer when no DHCP server responds to a DHCP request. See also Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
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broadcast domain
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The extent to which a broadcast frame is forwarded from device to device without going through a router. An IP network or subnet is also referred to as a broadcast domain.
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broadcast frames
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Data frames with destination addresses that specify that all computers on a network must read and process these frames.
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Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
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An IP addressing method in which address classes no longer dictate the part of an IP address designated as the network portion. With CIDR, a network administrator can assign however many bits are appropriate to the network design.
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connectionless
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A type of protocol that sends data across the network to its destination without guaranteeing receipt.
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connection-oriented
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A type of protocol that establishes a formal connection between two computers, guaranteeing that data will reach its destination.
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Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC)
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A mathematical recipe that generates a specific value, called a checksum, based on a frame’s contents. The CRC is calculated before frame transmission and then included with the frame; on receipt, the CRC is recalculated and compared to the sent value. If the two agree, it’s assumed that the data frame was delivered intact; if they disagree, the frame must be retransmitted.
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Data Link layer
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Layer 2 in the OSI reference model is responsible for managing access to the networking medium and ensuring error-free delivery of data frames from sender to receiver. See also OSI reference model.
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data section
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The frame component that’s the actual data being sent across a network. The size of this section can vary from less than 50 bytes to 16 KB, depending on the network type.
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decapsulation
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The process of stripping the header from a PDU as it makes its way up the communication layers before being passed to the next higher layer. See also protocol data unit (PDU).
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Domain Name System (DNS)
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ATCP/IP protocol used to associate a computer’s IP address with a name.
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dotted decimal
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The format of an IP address, expressed as four decimal numbers separated by a period.
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
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A TCP/IP protocol that allows automatic IP address and subnet mask assignment.
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encapsulation
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The process of adding header information to a PDU as it makes its way down the communication layers before being passed to the next lower layer. See also protocol data unit (PDU).
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encoding
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The representation of 0s and 1s as a physical signal, such as electrical voltage or a light pulse.
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
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A TCP/IP protocol used for file transfer and manipulation services.
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flow control
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A process designed to regulate information transfer between a sender and a receiver. Flow control is often necessary when there’s a speed differential between sender and receiver.
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frame header
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Information added to the beginning of data being sent, which contains, among other things, addressing and sequencing information.
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frame trailer
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Information added to the end of the data being sent in a frame; it generally contains error-checking information, such as the CRC.
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frame
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The basic unit for network traffic as it travels across the medium. Data is broken into these smaller, more manageable pieces for faster, more efficient delivery.
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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The protocol used to transfer Web pages from a Web server to a Web browser.
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International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
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The international standards-setting body based in Geneva, Switzerland, which sets worldwide technology standards.
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Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
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A TCP/IP protocol used to send information and error messages.
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Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
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TCP/IP’s primary network protocol; it provides addressing and routing information.
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Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
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An updated version of IPv4 created to solve some problems inherent in that protocol, such as a somewhat limiting 32-bit address space, lack of built-in security, a sometimes complicated setup, and a lack of built-in Quality of Service.
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Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)
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IPX is Novell’s protocol for packet routing and forwarding. In this protocol suite, IPX serves many of the same functions that IP does in the TCP/IP suite. SPX is Novell’s connection-oriented protocol that supplements IPX by providing reliable transport.
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layers
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The functional subdivisions of the OSI reference model. See also OSI reference model.
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localhost
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A special DNS host name that refers to whatever IP address is assigned to the machine where this name is referenced. (Think of it as a special way to access the current IP address on any computer.)
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Logical Link Control (LLC)
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The upper sublayer of the IEEE Project 802 model for the Data Link layer of the OSI model. It handles error-free delivery and controls the flow of frames between sender and receiver across a network.
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loopback address
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A special DNS host name that refers to the reserved Class A address 127.0.0.1, used to confirm that a computer’s IP configuration works.
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Media Access Control (MAC)
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The lower sublayer of the IEEE Project 802 model for the Data Link layer of the OSI model. It handles access to network media and mapping between logical and physical network addresses for NICs.
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multicast frames
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Frames that use a special destination address so that any computer listening for this address can read and process the frame’s data.
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NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI)
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A network protocol developed by IBM and Microsoft specifically to provide transport services for NetBIOS. NetBEUI is not routable. In addition, it’s nearly obsolete and is no longer supported on current Windows operating systems.
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NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
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Novell’s upper-layer protocol that provides all client/server functions.
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Network Address Translation (NAT)
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A process by which an organization can assign private IP addresses to workstations; those addresses are translated to public IP addresses when accessing the Internet.
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Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS)
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A protocol that establishes and manages communications between computers and provides naming services.
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Network layer
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Layer 3 of the OSI reference model handles addressing and routing PDUs across internetworks in which sender and receiver must traverse multiple networks. See also protocol data unit (PDU) and OSI reference model.
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nonroutable
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A protocol that doesn’t include Network layer or network address information.
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NWLink
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The Microsoft implementation of the IPX/SPX protocol suite. See also Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX).
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octet
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A grouping of eight binary digits or bits (“oct” means eight), usually expressed as a decimal number. An octet is one of the four decimal values that make up an IP address.
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Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
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The family of ISO standards developed in the 1970s to facilitate functionality of networking services among dissimilar computers on a global scale. The OSI initiative was unsuccessful, owing to a fatal combination of an all-inclusive standards-setting effort and a failure to develop standard protocol interfaces to help developers implement its manifold requirements.
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OSI reference model
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ISO Standard 7498 defines a frame of reference for understanding networks by dividing the process of network communication into seven layers. Each layer is defined in terms of the services and data it handles on behalf of the layer directly above it and the services and data it needs from the layer directly below it. The OSI reference model remains the OSI initiative’s most enduring legacy.
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Physical layer
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Layer 1, the bottom layer of the OSI reference model, transmits and receives signals and specifies the physical details of cables, adapter cards, connectors, and hardware behavior. See also OSI reference model.
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Presentation layer
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At Layer 6 of the OSI reference model, data can be encrypted and/or compressed to facilitate delivery. Platform-specific application formats are translated into generic data formats for transmission or from generic data formats into platform-specific application formats for delivery to the Application layer. See also OSI reference model.
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Project 802
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The IEEE effort that produced the collection of 802 networking specifications and standards.
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protocol data unit (PDU)
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A unit of information passed as a self-contained data structure from one layer to another on its way up or down the network protocol stack.
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protocol stack
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An ordered collection of networking protocols that together provide end-to-end networked communications between a sender and a receiver.
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protocol suite
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A family of related protocols in which higher-layer protocols provide application services and request handling facilities, and lower-layer protocols manage the intricacies of Layers 1 to 4 in the OSI reference model.
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protocols
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The rules and procedures for communicating.
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redirector
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A software component that intercepts requests for service from a computer and redirects requests that can’t be handled locally across the network to a networked resource that can handle the request.
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routable
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A protocol that includes Network layer information and can be forwarded by a router.
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routing
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A Network-layer service that determines how to deliver an outgoing packet of data from sender to receiver. Routing entails several methods for managing delivery, and requires error and status reporting so that senders can determine whether packets are reaching the receivers.
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Server Message Block (SMB)
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The message format used by DOS and Windows to share files, directories, and devices. SMB file sharing is also supported by most Linux and UNIX operating systems.
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Service Access Points (SAPs)
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Logical interface points used to transfer information from the LLC sublayer to the upper OSI layers. See also Logical Link Control (LLC).
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Session layer
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Layer 5 of the OSI reference model is responsible for setting up, maintaining, and ending ongoing sequences of communications (called sessions) across a network. See also OSI reference model.
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Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP)
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A TCP/IP protocol used to send mail messages across a network. SMTP is the basis for e-mail on the Internet.
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Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
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A TCP/IP protocol used to monitor and manage network devices.
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subnet mask
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A 32-bit dotted decimal number used to signify which part of an IP address is the network portion and which part is the host portion. The subnet mask consists of a string of binary 1s followed by a string of binary 0s. The binary 0s mask the host portion of an IP address. A binary 1 signifies that the corresponding bit in the IP address belongs to the network portion of the IP address, and a binary 0 signifies that the corresponding bit in the IP address belongs to the host portion.
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subnetting
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The process whereby a single network address is divided into two or more subnetwork addresses, each with fewer available host IDs than the original network address.
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supernetting
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The operation of “borrowing” bits from the network portion of an IP address to combine a group of contiguous IP addresses. For supernetting to work, the group of IP addresses must be contiguous.
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Telnet
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A TCP/IP protocol that provides remote terminal emulation.
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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The core of the TCP/IP suite. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol responsible for reformatting data into packets and reliably delivering those packets.
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
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A protocol suite that supports communication between heterogeneous systems. TCP/IP has become the standard communications protocol for the Internet.
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Transport layer
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Layer 4 of the OSI reference model is responsible for fragmenting large PDUs from the Session layer for delivery across the network, inserting integrity controls, and managing delivery mechanisms to allow for error-free reassembly on the receiving end of a network transmission. See also OSI reference model and protocol data unit (PDU).
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transport protocol
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A protocol type responsible for providing reliable communication sessions between two computers.
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unicast frame
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A data frame addressed to a single recipient.
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
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A connectionless TCP/IP protocol that provides fast data transport.
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1000BaseT
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1000 Mbps Ethernet (1 Gbps) over twisted–pair cabling; defined by IEEE Standard 802.3ab.
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100BaseFX
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100 Mbps Ethernet over two–strand fiber–optic cable.
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100BaseT4
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100 Mbps Ethernet over four–pair Category 3 or higher UTP.
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100BaseTX
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100 Mbps Ethernet over two–pair Category 5 or higher UTP.
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10BaseF
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The 10 Mbps Ethernet standard that defines Ethernet over fiber–optic cable.
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active monitor
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A computer in a token ring network responsible for guaranteeing the network’s status.
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
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A high–speed network technology designed for both LAN and WAN use. ATM uses connection–oriented switches to allow senders and receivers to communicate over a network.
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beaconing
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The signal transmitted on a token ring network to inform networked computers that token passing has stopped because of an error.
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Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
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A contention–based channel access method in which computers avoid collisions by broadcasting their intent to send data.
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Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
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A contention–based channel access method in which computers avoid collisions by listening to the network before sending data. If a computer senses data on the network, it waits and tries to send its data later.
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channel access methods
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Rules that determine when a computer can access the cable or data channel for the purposes of sending data.
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collision
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The result of two or more devices sending a signal along the same channel at the same time.
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collision domain
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The extent to which signals are propagated on an Ethernet network.
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concentrators
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Devices used in an FDDI network to connect computers at a central point. Most concentrators connect to both available rings.
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contention
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A channel access method in which computers vie for time on the network.
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Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)
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The official standard governing cable modem operation.
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dedicated circuit
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An ongoing (but possibly transient) link between two end systems.
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demand priority
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A high–speed channel access method used by 100VG–AnyLAN in a star hub topology.
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demand signal
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A signal sent by a computer in a demand priority network that informs the controlling hub it has data to send.
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digital subscriber line (DSL)
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A broadband–based technology that delivers Internet data over existing phone lines.
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dual attachment station (DAS)
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A type of NIC connected to both rings in an FDDI network.
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Ethernet
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A network architecture developed by Digital, Intel, and Xerox that uses CSMA/CD as its channel access method.
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Ethernet 802.2
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An Ethernet frame type used by IPX/SPX on Novell NetWare 3.12 and 4.x networks.
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Ethernet 802.3
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An Ethernet frame type generally used by IPX/SPX on Novell NetWare 2.x and 3.x networks; also called Ethernet raw.
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Ethernet II
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An Ethernet frame type used by TCP/IP.
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Ethernet SubNetwork Address Protocol (SNAP)
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An Ethernet frame type used in Apple’s EtherTalk environment.
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EtherTalk
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The standard for sending AppleTalk over Ethernet cabling.
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fast Ethernet
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The 100 Mbps implementation of standard Ethernet, also called 100BaseT.
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Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
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A networking architecture that uses a token–passing channel access method and is defined to run at 100 Mbps over fiber–optic cable.
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frame types
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A standard that defines the structure of an Ethernet packet: Ethernet 802.3, Ethernet 802.2, Ethernet SNAP, or Ethernet II.
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full–duplex communication
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In this type of communication, a computer can send and receive data simultaneously.
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Gigabit Ethernet
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An IEEE standard (802.3z) that allows for 1000 Mbps transmission using CSMA/CD and Ethernet frames.
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half–duplex communication
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In this type of communication, a computer can send data and receive data, but can’t send and receive simultaneously.
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High Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI)
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A high–speed parallel communication interface originally developed to serve supercomputers and high–end workstations.
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LocalTalk
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The cabling system used by Macintosh computers. Support for LocalTalk is built into every Macintosh.
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multistation access unit (MSAU)
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An active hub in a token ring network.
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Nearest Active Downstream Neighbor (NADN)
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The computer in a token ring environment to which another computer sends the token.
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Nearest Active Upstream Neighbor (NAUN)
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The computer in a token ring environment from which a computer receives the token.
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polling
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A channel access method in which a primary device asks secondary devices in sequence whether they have data to send.
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primary ring
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The FDDI ring around which data is transmitted.
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protocol type field
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A field used in the Ethernet SNAP and Ethernet II frames to indicate the network protocol being used.
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secondary ring
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An FDDI ring used for the sole purpose of handling traffic in the event of a cable failure.
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single attachment station (SAS)
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A type of NIC that’s connected only to the primary ring in an FDDI network.
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smart multistation access unit (SMAU)
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An active hub in a token ring network.
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standby monitors
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Computers in a token ring network that monitor the network status and wait for a signal from the active monitor. See also active monitor.
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start frame delimiter (SFD)
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A field in the Ethernet 802.3 frame that defines the beginning of the packet.
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switching
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A media access method whereby all devices connect to a network switch, and the switch controls access to the medium. With switching, each device connected to the switch has access to the full media bandwidth.
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Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
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A high–speed, baseband digital networking standard that specifies incrementally increasing data rates across fiber–optic links.
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token ring
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A network architecture developed by IBM that’s physically wired as a star but uses token passing in a logical ring topology.
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TokenTalk
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The standard for sending AppleTalk over token ring cabling.
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