Intro To Mycology And Pathogenic Fungi

Front 1

who are the major decomposers of the carbon compounds of the earth?

Back 1

fungi

Front 2

are fungi eukaryotes/prokaryoteS?

Back 2

eukaryotes

Front 3

which external sugar determines immunogenic properties of the fungus? mannan/glucan/chitin?

Back 3

mannan

Front 4

which external sugars provides structural support? manna/glucan/chitin

Back 4

glucan-carbohydrates that increases strength of cell wall
chitin-inert, insoluble, poly N- acetylglucosamine. also provides structural support

Front 5

do eukaryotic cells contain glucans mannans chitosans and galactans on their external cell wall?

Back 5

nope...only fungi.

Front 6

what is the metabolism of fungi? Apart from being diverse, what external sources do fungi require for synthesis of compounds?

Back 6

heterotrophic metabolism
--they need glucose to obtain Carbons
--need ammonium compounds and organic nitrogen for sources of nitrogen
-glucosamines need for chitin

Front 7

Exoenzymes are used by fungi for wat purpose?

Back 7

to break down sources of food but also as a virulence factor

Front 8

what is the optimal:
temperature: ___
pH:___
moisture:__
light:___
aeriation: __ yes/no

for fungi

Back 8

temperature: mesophilic ( body temp)
ph: 6.5-7.0
moisture: 80-90%
light: nope
aeriation: strictly aerobes( majority)--> yes need air

Front 9

what two forms can fungi exist?

Back 9

yeast and mold ( aka hypha/mycellium)

Front 10

name the 5 dimorphic species of fungi

Back 10

BODY HEAT CHANGES PRIMARY SHAPE
B=blastomyces
h=histoplasma
c=coccidiodes
p=paracoccidiodes
s=sporothrix schenckii

Front 11

at what temperatures is it optimal for a dimorphic fungi to be a mold? a yeast?

Back 11

mold: ambient temperature
yeast: 37 C

Front 12

spores are a product of __ reproduction, while conidia are a product of ___ reproduction

Back 12

spores: sexual ( 2 haploids= 1 diploid)
conidia: asexual via budding

Front 13

describe the difference bt bacterial spores and fungi spores

Back 13

bacterial spores: for protection (gram + bacteria such as bacilus and claustridium)
fungi spores: reproductive form

Front 14

Describe the formation of a mycellium

Back 14

a type of sexual reproduction among fungi

-starts off as a spore
-germinates into a germ tube (like candida)
--germ tube elongates to form hypha
-hypha grow and multiply = mycelium (intertwining strands) -->like Gr. Mykes

Front 15

what is aerial and vegetative hypha?

Back 15

aerial hypha: above soil for reproductive purposes
vegetative hypha: below soil for nutrient supply

Front 16

fungal hyphal morphology:
describe....
Hyphae of aspergillus fumigatus?
hyphae of candida?

Back 16

aspergillus fumigatus- dichotomously septed hypha (allergic or invasive aspergillus= 90% mortality rate)

candida: pseudohypha

Front 17

name the three different types of Spores generated from sexual reproduction

Back 17

zygospores- thick walled resting spores
ascospores- in a sac, ascus
basidiospores- borne externally on a club shaped structure, BASIDIUM ( a type of fungi that reproduces this way)

Front 18

what are the two ways yeast can reproduce?

Back 18

1.budding (blastoconidia formation-- one mom and one daughter)
2. fission ( splitting of two cells)

Front 19

what does cryptococcus neoformans cause?

Back 19

its an opportunistic fungi that causes meningioencephalitis in HIV patients

Front 20

what are the sexual and asexual methods of reproduction in:
zygomycota fungi

Back 20

sexual: zygospores
asexual: sporangiospores

Front 21

what are the sexual and asexual methods of reproduction in:
ascomycota fungi

Back 21

sexual:via ascospores
asexual: blastoconidia or conidia on conidiophores

Front 22

what are the sexual and asexual methods of reproduction in:
basidiomycota

Back 22

sexual: basidiospores on basidium
asexual: conidiogenesis

Front 23

what are the sexual and asexual methods of reproduction in:
deuteromycota

Back 23

sexual:none
asexual: conidiogenesis

Front 24

genus for zygomycota

Back 24

Rhizopus
absidia
mucer
"RAM"

Front 25

genus for ascomycota

Back 25

microsporum
aspergillus
histoplasma
tricophyton
blastomyces

Front 26

genus for basidiomycota

Back 26

cryptococcus

Front 27

genus for deuteromycota

Back 27

candida
trichosporon
coccidiodis
paracoccidioidis
penicillum
epidermophyton

Front 28

describe superficial mycosis

Back 28

superficial distribution ( nails, skin and hair).
both keratinophilic dermatophytes and non-keratined fungi (candida)

Front 29

describe subcutaneous mycosis

Back 29

traumatic inocculation, confined to the subcutaneous tissue and rarely spread systematically
--deep, ulcerated skin lesions or fungating lesions

high yield example: sporothricosies ( rose garden disease)

Front 30

describe systemic mycosis

Back 30

involves deep viscera and widely disseminated, organ specific

Front 31

describe opportunistic mycoses

Back 31

take advantage when immune system is down

Front 32

give examples of fungi involved in superficial mycoses

Back 32

think of dermatophytes:
epidermophyton
microsporum
trichophyton

-candida ( non keratinized)

Front 33

give examples of fungi involved in subcutaneous mycoses

Back 33

chloroblastomysis
mycetoma
sporothricoses

Front 34

give examples of fungi involved in systemic mycoses

Back 34

aspergillus
pneumocystis
coccidiodis

Front 35

give examples of fungi involved in opportunistic mycosis

Back 35

pneumocystis
candida
histoplasma

Front 36

superficial and subcutaneous fungal infections:
tinea pedis is caused by which superficial fungus?

Back 36

Tinea pedis= TRICOPHYTON
T for T

Front 37

superficial and subcutaneous fungal infections:
nail infections is caused by which superficial fungus?

Back 37

dermatophytes (microsporum, tricophyton, epidermophyton)

Front 38

superficial and subcutaneous fungal infections:
infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue is caused by what fungus?

Back 38

our friend CANDIDA

Front 39

Shallow ulcer with an infiltrated base is an example of what fungus and what type of mycosis?

Back 39

subcutaneous mycoses, sporothrix

Front 40

aspergillus fumigatus caused what type of mycosis?

Back 40

systemic--> in the head ( brain lesion)

Front 41

pneumocystis carnii causes what type of mycoses?

Back 41

systemic--> in the lungs ( interstital pneumonia)
"hazy ground glass appearance on chest radiographs"

Front 42

high yield:
what are the 6 factors that predispose us to fungal infections?

Back 42

1. steroid hormone therapy (decreases immune system and kills normal flora such as staph aureis and staph epidermidis)
2. prolonged antibiotic treatment
(get a suprainfection-opportunistic fungi will invade)
3. long term treatment of stomach conditions with H2 receptor blocking agents
(increase pH, kill flora, long term)
4. Diabetes mellitus, high glucose levels, immune damaging ( induce GLOBAL immunocompromise)
5. high starch/ sugar containing diets ( same logic as 4 im guessing)
6.chemotherapy, HIV or other immunocompromised illnesses, and transplantation

Front 43

Innate immune response:
which fungi are resistant to phagocytosis?

Back 43

dimorphic ones like candida and cocidiodis

Front 44

which fungi are resistant to phagocytic killing and grow within macrophages?

Back 44

histoplasma capsulatum

Front 45

In a humoral immune response, antibodies enhance protective immune response by ___ the fungi for promoting phagocytosis

Back 45

opsonizing (adding an antigen on the fungi's surface to increase susceptibility for phagoytosis)
like in: c. neoformans

Front 46

cell mediated immune response: T-cell mediated immunity offers significant/insignificant protection against most fungi?

Back 46

significant
--only immunocompromised patients have compromised T cell function ( AIDS, HIV, lymphoma)

Front 47

Generation of ____ secrete large amount of cytokines which in turn activate macrophages to kill and eliminate the pathogenic fungi and confer protection

Back 47

special effector helper T cell population

Front 48

what type of staining/diagnosis is used for pneumocystis carnii?

Back 48

silver staining

Front 49

crytococcus neoformans: what do we use to diagnose it ?

Back 49

detect its antigen-->serology

Front 50

antifungal drugs:
nystatin
amphotericin b
--mechanism of action?

Back 50

membrane disruption

Front 51

ketoconazole?
mechanism of action

Back 51

doesnt allow for ergosterol synthesis

Front 52

terbinafine
mechanism of action

Back 52

squalene accumulation/ergosterol synthesis

Front 53

flucytosine
mechanism of action

Back 53

RNA and DNA synthesis

Front 54

caspofungin
mechanism of action

Back 54

block of glucan synthesis
-not popular anymore

Front 55

Griseofluvin
mechanism of action

Back 55

microtubule disruption