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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motivation
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- willingness to exert high effort levels in order to achieve a goal and satisfy a need - motivation is an internal force, persistent, direction focused (not random) |
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Need
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- an internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive
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Early Theories of Motivation (Needs Theory)
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1. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 2. McGregor's Theory X and Y 3. Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory (Motivation-Hygiene Theory) |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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- 5 universal needs - each need is dependent on the previous needs being met - lowest unmet need is the strongest - Problem: assumes ppl have the same needs hierarchy |
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McGregor's Theory X and Y
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- based on 2 assumptions of human nature - one negative, the other positive - Theory X: employees lack drive, avoid responsibility, negative view of employees - Theory Y: employees are self-directed, desire responsibility and challenge, enjoy work - "Perspective dictates behaviour" |
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Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory (Motivation-Hygiene Theory) |
- identifies motivators and hygiene factors - motivators are internal (achievement, recognition, growth) - hygiene factors are external (ie money) - they simply keep people from becoming dissatisfied - hygiene factors are still needed; however, they do not motivate - Problem: hygiene factors are mistaken for motivatore |
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Contemporary Theories of Motivation
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1. Equity Theory 2. Expectancy Theory (Vroom's Model) |
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Equity Theory
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- perceived fairness and equal treatment stimulates motivation - employees compare input/output ratios - input: time, effort, loyalty, hard work, commitment, abilities - outputs: job security, salary, employee benefits, recognition, reputation, sense of achievement - distributive justice: perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals - procedural justice: perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards |
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Expectancy Theory (Vroom's Model)
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- individual's action is based on the expectation that his behaviour will be followed by a particular outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome. - unlike Maslow and Herzberg, Vroom concentrates on outcome and not need |
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Expectancy Theory (Vroom's Model)
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- Motivation depends on 3 factors or links: - E-P link (expectancy) - P-O link - Valence (attractiveness of outcome) How can we increase E-P link: support, help, train, educate How can we increase P-O link: create outcomes for performance, increase these outcomes, increased transparency How can we increase Valence: ask employees |
