Intro To Medical Ethnobotany

Front 1

D-tubocurarine: Genus/species of plant origin, geographical origin and use

Back 1

Genus/species: Chondrodendron tomentosum

Geographical origin: Amazon rainforest

Use: toxin in hunting darts

Front 2

What is the plant origin of codeine and morphine (genus/species)?

Back 2

Papaver Somniferum, opium poppy

Front 3

what is the source of natural products that have contributed to pharmaceuticals?

Back 3

spectrum of different plants, animals, fungi and microbes throughout the world.

Front 4

how has climate change affected sources of medicines?

Back 4

It has destroyed ecosystems which contain organisms that may lead to novel medicines.

Front 5

What percentage of drugs from 1981-2006 were derived from natural sources?

Back 5

70%

Front 6

What percentage of anti-microbial drugs from 1981-2006 were derived from natural sources?

Back 6

76%

Front 7

whats the typical flow of ethnobotanical research method?

Back 7

medicinal plant -> traditional medicine preparation -> standardized extract -> single molecule

Front 8

What are the natural product collection strategies?

Back 8

random
taxonomic
chemotaxonomic

Front 9

what kind of collection strategy has shown higher rate of pharmacological activity?

Back 9

ethonomedical

Front 10

what are the research agreements?

Back 10

-memorandum of understanding
-prior informed consent
-compensation
-reciprocity
-return data/research results
-long-term collective benefit sharing

Front 11

what are the multiple levels in which research agreements must be established in the host country?

Back 11

- govt agencies
- scientific institutions
- local communities, indigenous/local people

Front 12

what are some benefits to local communities from research?

Back 12

clean water systems
medicinal plant forest reserve
traditional medicine clinic
legal assistance for land

Front 13

what are some benefits to scientific communities from research?

Back 13

supplies for research labs
field research supplies
books
educational workshops

Front 14

what are the benefits of ethnobiological research to western scientific communities?

Back 14

western scientific approach can be complemented by information generated from working with local people to understand their knowledge on ecosystem/biodiversity use and management

Front 15

what are the advantages of integrating local people into research projects?

Back 15

- integration of local ethnobiological knowledge will enhance science
- optimizes local community benefits from project
- project may run more smoothly

Front 16

what are the applicatoins of ethnobotany and ethnoepidemiology?

Back 16

- conduct ethnoepidemiological survey on disease incidence/prevalence in community
- for each disease inquire on how well it is managed by local ethnomedicine and what medicinal plants are used
- for each medicinal plant, asses the abundance and sustainability through ethnotaxonomic and ethnoecological studies
- maximize use of locally generated traditional medicines and foods

Front 17

what is the flow of ethnobotanical research to reach human studies?

Back 17

ethnobotanical research -> hypothesis on bioactivity of medicinal plant -> plant extract treated in animal model to asses efficacy and safety -> in viveo guided frationation of plant extract -> isolation of pure compounds -> in vitro assay to asses mechanism of action of pure compounds -> human studies