Intro To Marine Bio

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mesopelagic fish adaptations

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well-developed teeth

large mouths

highly sensitive eyes

photophores

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Photophores used for

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lures

species recognition

possibly lanterns

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Vertical migration

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when deeper living fish migrate up at night for food or other necessities.

stimulated by daily or seasonal changes in light intensity

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Buoyancy

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Living and moving in three dimensions above the seafloorcreates buoyancy problems for pelagic animals. Stored fats and oils or internal gas-filled flotation organs arecommon buoyancy devices used by pelagic marine animals.

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Swim bladders that are attached to esophagus as adult.

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physostomous

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Swim bladders that are not attached to esophagus as adult (disappear).

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physoclistous

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Rete mirabile

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The gas gland and associated countercurrent network of blood vessels called the rete mirabile are capable of concentrating gases from the blood into their swim bladders at high pressures

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How do animals orient themselves in the sea

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biological clocks

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Biological clocks can be reset by

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day length, temperature, food availability

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Abyssal plains

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deep, dark, mostly featureless except for

ridges, rises, and trenches

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Oozes

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characterized by chemical comp.

siliceous and calcareous

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Deep floor oxygen

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comes from surface

5ppm

comes from diffusion

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Gigantism

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surprisingly common in deep sea

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O2 minimum zone

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gradual increase below

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Food for deep sea organisms that come from the surface are tightly coupled with

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primary productivity at the surface

spring-summer at surface

summer-fall in deep sea

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Metabolic rates _____ in the deep sea to account for ________

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decrease, high variability of food

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density and biomass at surface vs deep sea

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greater at surface

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species diversity at surface vs deep sea

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equal or may even be greater in deep sea

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Why are nets not used to sample deep sea organisms?

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Most species are infaunal

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Deposit feeders

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infaunal - extracting nourishment from the sediment in much the same manner as earthworms.

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Croppers

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have merged the roles of predator and deposit feeder by preying heavily on populations of smaller deposit feeders and bacteria

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Deep sea adaptations

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Either very large or no eyes

large mouths

big teeth

photophores

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Hydrothermal vent communities

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Dissolved hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emerging from seafloor cracks is used as an energy source by chemosynthetic bacteria, the base of the food web in these areas

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Larval dispersal - hydrothermal vents

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drift with currents

hitchhikers

hop from carcass to carcass

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What do you call a submerged volcano

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atoll

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name the order that reefs form

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fringing, barrier reef, atoll

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What are chemicals called that induce spawning in invertebrates?

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pheromones

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Neustonic

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lives at air-sea interface

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What phylum do siphonophoresbelong to?

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cnidaria

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Which organism is the most numerous and diverse of the meroplankton?

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copopods

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Measuring bathymetry

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sounding - rope w/heavy weight

multi-beam echo sounders

sattelite measurements - can see large areas unaffected by surface conditions

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Refractometer

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measures salinity

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hypersomatic

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more salt - less water

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isomatic

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normal

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hyposomatic

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less salt - more water

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Osmoconformer

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stays in areas where salinity is similar

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osmoregulator

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can tolerate wide range of salinities

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Neritic

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bottom but shallow

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nertic

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area right above continental shelf

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monera

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simplest organisms, single celled, prokaryotic

ex - cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteris

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Protista

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single, multicelled w/nuclei

ameobas, microalgea, protists

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Chromista

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single and multicelled w/nucleus; once part or protista

ex: brown macroalgea

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metabiosis

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one benefits at death of another

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phytoplankton groups

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cyanobacteria

chryosphyta

dinophyta

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cyanobacteria

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obtain energy thru photosynthesis

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chrysophyta

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cocoliths, diatoms

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dinophyta

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dinoflagellates dominate warm water phytoplankton communities

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Primary production equation

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NPP = GPP - R

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Things that affect primary production

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dissolved co2

temp

sunlight/turbidity

depth

nutrients

salinity

pollution

ETC

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Most common pigment

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chlorophyll a

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Standard chordate features

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dorsal hollow nerve chord

stiffening notochord of cartilage

pharyngeal gill slits

post anal tail

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All vertebrates have standard chordate features and

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segmental ossification of the notochord

a musculature segmented into myomeres

closed circulatory system w/hemoglobin containing red blood cells

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Agnatha

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Jawless fish

characterized by lack of jaw, paired fins and scales

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Chondrichthyes

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Sharks, rays, chimaeras

salt glands used to osmoregulate

heterocercal caudal fin and placoid scales

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Osteichthyes

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bony fishes

polyganous

sequential hermaphrodites

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Counter current flow

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used by fish, blood flow and water flow are opposites

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All marine bird/reptiles eliminate excess salts through

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kidneys

specialized nasal glands

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waters is greater than ____ times as dense and ______ times more viscous than air

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800, 30

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Diadromous

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spends life in both fresh and marine waters

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anadromous

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most of life at sea, spawn in freahwater

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ampullae of lorenzini

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detects electomagnetic stimuli

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lateral line

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detects disturbances in the water

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Marine mammals split into these three groups

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carnivora

sirenia

cetacea

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Apneustic breathing

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breathing fast before going under water

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collapsible lungs

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force air away from alveoli to avoid bends and nitrogen narcosis

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Types of estuaries

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coastal plain

tectonic

bar-built

fjord

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Coastal plain estuary

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formed by flooded river mouth

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Tectonic estuary

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found along major fault lines

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Bar-built estuary

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when shallow lagoon/bay is protected from ocean by sand bar or barrier island

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Fjord

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U shaped valleys formed by glacial action

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More than 90% of marine mammals are ______

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benthic

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Corals - phylum

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cnidaria

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Cenosarc (corals)

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individuals connected

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corallite

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the cup the animal sits in

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septum

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supporting walls

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columella

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:P

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Types (shapes) of corals

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Folacious

free living

encrusting

columnar

platelike

branching

massive