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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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morpheme |
the smallest unit of meaning in a language |
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allomorph |
When a morpheme varies in sound but not in meaning Cats, boys, buses - [s, z, iz] |
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bound morpheme |
cannot stand as a word on their own |
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free morpheme |
can be used as a word all by itself |
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roots |
morphemes and are required for something to be a word. Are relatively free in their distribution. -rewatch, watchable |
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stem |
something, a root or not, that permits further additions -cat, cats -man, gentleman, gentlemanly |
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bound roots |
stems that demand other morphemes (-fer, -ject) -infer, refer -inject, reject |
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inflectional |
modifying a single word -ex: -s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est, -s, -'s -meaning of inflectional morphemes is rarely clear |
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derivational |
making a new word -legal (adj) + -ize = legalize (verb) -legal (adj) + il- = illegal (adj) |
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blends |
the sounds of two or more words blended together -motor & hotel --> motel -lion & tiger --> liger |
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clipping |
reducing part of a word to make it a shorter one -doctor --> doc -robot --> bot |
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borrowing/loanword |
words we steal outright from other languages -Gesundheit -Kindergarden -Ennui -Entrée |
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calque |
a word-for-word (or root-for-root) translation from another language -Bag End - cul-de-sac -New wave - nouvelle vague -Superman - Übermensch |
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PRACTICE THE TREE REPRESENTATIONS |
RIGHT NOW! picturesque, defrost, mountainous, runner, messy, unsure, government, colorful, laughable, manly, manliness, happiness, unhappiness, un-American, impossibility |
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isolating (analytical) |
words are more or less monomorphemic. Morphemes are generally free |
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synthetic |
words generally have more than one morpheme. Morphemes are generally bound |
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Polysynthetic |
more hardcore version of synthetic |
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agglutinative |
can tell the boundaries between each individual morpheme |
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fusional |
a bunch of meaning is tacked into one word |
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compounds |
words with more than one root. head of compound is always on the right -adjectives + verbs/nouns/adj --bighouse -nouns + verbs/adj/noun --spoonfeed -verbs + nouns/verbs --sleepwalk |
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affixation |
adding a prefix, a suffix, a circumfix, or an infix |
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suffix |
bound morpheme that is at the end of words -ex: -ness, -ing, -ous, -ity, -ed, -est, -esuqe, -s |
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prefix |
bound morpheme at the beginning of words -ex: un-, re-, anti- |
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infix |
putting a morpheme within a root -fanfuckingtastic |
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circumfix |
an affix with two parts: one placed at the start of a word and the other at the end -not used in English, is used in German though -fake ex: blas + food = bfoodlas |
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reduplication |
when a free morpheme or part of one is "doubled" -indonesian: (whole word) ibu - mother; ibuibu - mothers |
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alternation |
"change" the pronunciation of the morpheme itself -man, men; goose, geese; woman, women |
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suppletion |
a root has more than one inflected form, utterly unrelated to it -happened a lot in OE -is, was, be: same root, different forms, no phonological rule leads to these -go, went |
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critical period |
time in which a someone can have something natively, such as a language. critical period for language is before puberty - after this a child can learn vocabulary, but can't actually have a native language with things such as grammar and syntax. |
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nicaraguan sign language |
in the 70s a school was created for the deaf. the kids had just been using home signs to tell their families what they wanted. nicaragua tried to make the children literally spell out everything they wanted to say with their hands but they weren't having that so they developed their own language. -spatial language -critical periods v important |
