Intro To Ir Midterm

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KNOWLEDGE:

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the ability to make a statement with a high probability of being correct.

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COGNITIVE MISER:

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one who uses "cheap information" (such as ideological or religious preferences) to arrive at an opinion regarding new information or situations.

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COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY:

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the tendency to interpret new information or issues in such a way as to be consistent with already existing views

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COGNITIVE DISSONANCE:

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when views on one issue conflict with (or contradict) views on related issues (we suppose this to be rare, since individuals strive for consistency, as above)

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DESCRIPTIVE KNOWLEDGE:

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a precise statement of the quantity and qualities of social behavior.

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THEORY

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a precise and thorough statement of the conditions that cause behavior.

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THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

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: a precise and thorough statement of all plausible conditions that explain a process or behavior.

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POLICY ANALYSIS:

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analysis directed at ascertaining optimal policies, usually cast in terms of costs and benefits

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OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:

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a definition that specifies the operations (procedures) required to collect information (data) about the phenomenon under study.

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SPURIOUS FACTOR:

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(or relationship): a factor which merely appears to cause behavior because it is also related (or caused) by the true causal factor. This term may also be discussed in the lecture on imperialism (1.2d)

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DIPLOMATIC HISTORY:

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"...the assumption that the primary factors influencing conflict and peace are the successful practice of the diplomatic method and the negotiation of legal principles.

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LIBERALISM:

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"a school of thought that sees the key to peace in the application of democratic principles and the practice of free trade in international relations".

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CLASSICAL LIBERALISM:

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the branch of liberalism that places an emphasis on the assumption of innate harmony in human nature.

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LIBERAL SUPRANATIONALISM:

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the branch of liberalism that emphasizes the role of supranational institutions in preserving peace by punishing aggression.

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NEO-LIBERALISM/LIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM:

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the branch of liberalism that emphasizes the influence of democracy, free trade, and/or international institutions rather than the influence of human nature.

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COSMOPOLITAN:

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"Belonging to all the world; not limited to just one part of the political, social, commercial, or intellectual world…free from local, provincial, or national ideas, prejudices, or attachments; at home all over the world…. Citizen of the world."

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RATIONALITY:

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"The ability to state and rank your goals (preferences); survey the alternatives for achieving them (costs and benefits); and choosing an alternative that maximizes your goals (preferences)."

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RENT-SEEKING:

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"The effort (or ability) to monopolize society's benefits, to shift the costs of policies to others, or both."

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REALISM:

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A school of thought that sees the key to peace in the natural operation of a balance of power based on the pursuit of the national interest...or more generally: a school that explains outcomes in international relations as a function of the distribution of power

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CLASSICAL REALISM:

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the branch of realism that places an emphasis on the assumption of innate conflict, power seeking (or aggression) in human nature.

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NEO-REALISM

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the branch of realism that emphasizes the influence of anarchy in the international system rather than the assumption of innate conflict or other innate characteristics of human nature.

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TERMS OF TRADE

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"the price relation (ratio) of exports to imports".

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NEOIMPERIALISM:

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"the process of establishing an empire through economic, political, and military penetration and influence".

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MARXIST-LENINIST SCHOOL:

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"a school of thought that identifies the causes of war as class conflict, especially conflict within and between capitalist societies".

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INTERNATIONAL REGIMES

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= international institutions: "the principles, rules, norms, and procedures that facilitate reciprocity in a given issue area". [you can think of reciprocity as "cooperation", as defined above]

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TRANSACTION COSTS:

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the costs required to monitor compliance with agreements.

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COOPERATION:

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"the adjustment of policies or behavior such that both sides are better off than they would otherwise be".

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COMPLEX) INTERDEPENDENCE:

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"A school of thought that predicts increased international cooperation because of the decline in the utility of military force and the increase in global interdependence."

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MERCANTILISM:

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the use of economic instruments (policy) to increase state power.

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OFFENSIVE REALISM:

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a branch of realism that predicts that insecurity will cause states to seek absolute security through dominance, and perhaps offensive war, rather than through balance of power;