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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Keratin
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support protein found in hair, nails, tendons, ligaments, skin
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What two monosaccharides form sucrose?
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glucose and fructose
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What two monosaccharides form lactose?
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glucose and galactose
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What two monosaccharides form maltose?
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glucose and glucose
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What percentage of body weight are lipids? Carbohydrates? Proteins?
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15%, 1%, 17% respectively
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Ribosomes
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combine rRNA with proteins and mature ribosomes produce proteins using mRNA as code
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what do ribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum produce
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proteins to be secreted from cell or inserted in plasma membrane
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what ribosomes floating around in cytoplasm produce
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proteins to be used in cell
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squamous
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flattened cells, line alveoli and blood vessels, allow exchange of gases and nutrients, epithelial cell
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cuboidal
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cube shaped cells, found in glands (salivary, endocrine), as well as ovaries, pancreas, renal tubes. Allows absorption and active transport (rich in mitochondria)
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Pseudostratified
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Found in lining of trachea, these cells are ciliated columnar, covered with secreted coating of mucus which traps foreign particles and upward motion of cilia carries mucus to throat
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dense connective tissue
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tightly packed collagen fibers, commonly found in tendons and ligaments
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loose connective tissue
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loose network of collagen and elastic fibers, because it allows expansion and returns to normal size, this type found in many internal organs, lungs, arteries, urinary bladder. Also forms protective covering around muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
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adipose tissue
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loose connective tissue (adipocytes expand as they store triglycerides). Stored fat used for energy, insulation, and organ protection.
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Hyaline
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cartilage. lots of collagen fibers, found at ends of bones in joints to decrease friction. Also in nose, larynx, trachea, joining ribs to sternum. Embryonic skeleton composed of this
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Fibrocartilage
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has matrix with strong collagen fibers. Specialized to withstand tension and pressure (intervertebral discs, wedges in knee)
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How much energy is contained in carbs? proteins? lipids? (in Kcal/gram)
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4 Kcals/gram, 4 Kcals/gram, 9 Kcal/gram respectively
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What percentage of a person's energy consumption is internal? What does this include?
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40%, skeletal muscle activity used besides external work (ex. shivering, posture, chewing), energy expended to sustain life (breathing, cardiac function, Na/K pump, reactions of cellular repair and growth)
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Adipocytes
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fat cells, where energy that is not used for work is stored
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What percentage of energy is absorbed from nutrients?
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25%
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Part of brain controlling food intake
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hypothalamus
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Neuropeptide Y
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Potent appetite signal
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Melanocortins
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satiety signal
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Leptin (what does it do and where is it produced)
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hormone to decrease food intake and increase metabolic rate, goes into hypothalamus
released by antipocytes as they increase in size decreases production of neuropeptide Y |
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Insulin (where is it released from, when is it released, effect on hunger)
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pancreas
when blood levels of glucose increase inhibits release of neuropeptide Y |
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Ghrelin (where is it produced and what does it do)
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"hunger hormone"
produced by stomach causes production of Neuropeptide Y in hypothalamus, stimulates appetite |
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pYY3-36 (where is it produced and what does it do)
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produced by small and large intestines, it increases when food is eaten, acts as satiety signal in hypothalamus.
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Cholecystokinin (where is it produced and what does it do)
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small intestine when filled with food
satiety signal in hypothalamus |
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what cells and organs are involved with food regulation?
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fat cells, pancreas, stomach, large and small intestine, hypothalamus
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Obesity
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body weight 20% higher than desirable, BMI above 30
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Overweight
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11-19% higher than deisrable, BMI 25-29
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What percentage of Americans are overweight or obese? just obese?
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67%, 34%
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glycolysis
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only carbs, in cell's cytoplasm, no oxygen required, 1 glucose yields 2 molecules of Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2ATP
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krebs cycle
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matrix of mitochondria, usually carbs but can use others, requires oxygen
Acetyl CoA initial substrate full cycle yields 1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH |
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oxidative phosphorylation
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cristae of inner membrane of mitochondria, takes electrons from NADH and FADH2 down electron transport chain, requires oxygen, one glucose produces 34 ATP from this
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Timeline of chemical evolution of earth
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earth formed 4.5 billion
chemical evolution began 4 billion first prokaryotes 3.5 billion first eukaryotes 1.2 billion |
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Panspermia Theory
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chemicals needed to form life landed on earth from meteorites, crashed into/created chesapeake bay (soil flipped upside down)
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Boat Darwin traveled on
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Beagle, left england december 1831
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Prosimians
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suborder of primates (lemurs, tarsiers, lorises)
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Anthropoids
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suborder of primates (monkeys, apes, humans)
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Hominids
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evolve ~7 million years ago, become different from apes
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Australopithecines
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first hominids, Africa, bipedal, 3.5 - 5.5 feet tall
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Homo habilis
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~ 2 million years, 775cm^3 brain, tools, speech
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Homo erectus
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1.9-0.3 million years ago, ~1,000 cm^3 brain, first to control fire, home bases, culture
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Neanderthals
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fossils go back to 200,000 years, short and powerful, larger brains than todays humans, buried dead
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cro-magnons
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first homo sapiens, evolve in africa ~100,000 years ago, migrate to Europe ~40,000 years ago and live along side Neanderthals, don't mate
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Homo ergaster
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evolves into modern humans from cro-magnons, about 10,000 years ago modern humans appear
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Gestation
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time between fertilization of egg and birth. Lasts 280 days (40 weeks).
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Pre-embryonic stage
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first week following fertilization, first stage of gestation, zygote moves from oviduct to uterus.
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Blastocyst
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result of cell multiplication, no differentiation yet, during pre-embryonic stage
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Embryonic stage
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2nd through 8th week after fertilization, begins when embryo is implanted in lining of uterus, beginning of pregnancy
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Ectopic pregnancy
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embryo implants itself in wall of oviduct of fallopian tube, dies
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Endometrium
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lining of uterus that grows over blastocyst
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Gastrulation
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~15 days after fertilization, cells of blastocyst migrate to specific locations to prepare for “morphogenesis” when body shape becomes apparent
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Fetal Stage
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3rd month of pregnancy, complete process of organ formation, cartilage replaced by bone, immune system slow to develop because protected, head slows rate of growth, sexual organs evident, eyes develop and open
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birth defects - how many fertilizations end in miscarriages, percentage of babies born with birth defect
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estimated 31% of fertilizations end in miscarriages, 2/3 of which occur before woman realizes she's pregnant
10-12% of babies born with defect, not all obvious |
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Infancy
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0-1 years old, by the end can walk with hands held, laugh, hold head up, small vocabulary
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childhood stages
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early childhood - 3 to 6 years old
middle childhood - 6 to puberty |
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Adolescence ages for boys and girls
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puberty, from start to finish. 13 to 15 in boys, 9 to 16 in girls.
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adulthood stages
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young adulthood 20-40
middle adulthood 40-65 old age 65+ |
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How long is the body supposed to live for? What is the current average in the U.S.?
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120-125 years, 78 years
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Whole Body Process aging
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dysfunction in endocrine system will affect all cells in body
immune system less effective, body more vulnerable to diseases, less T cells from thymus gland cross-linking of proteins (collagen) impairing function of all cells (Alzheimer's) |
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What is the prevalence of strokes? Diabetes? any cancer? coronary heart disease? arthritic symptoms? Hypertension?
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8.6
15.2 19.9 20.4 35.9 49.2 |
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What causes liver spots
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decreased number of melanocytes
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Effect of age on cardiovascular system
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heart shrinks due to decrease in size of cardiocytes, strength, stroke volume, and cardiac output decrease.
Collagen fibers in walls of arteries become cross-linked making them rigid, decrease in diameter due to plaque, blood pressure increase |
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How many aged people die every year from the flu
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~36,000
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What percentage of aged Americans fall each year? What percent of those leads to moderate or severe injuries?
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1/3
20-30% |
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When did the world population begin growing exponentially?
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1950
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What is the net change in the global population each year?
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+78 million
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When did global population growth rate peak? What did it reach? what is it now?
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1965, 2%
1.2% |
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What is the population of MDCs? What is the growth rate of MDCs?
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~1.2 billion
0.1% |
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What is the population of LDCs?
What is the growth rate of LDCs? |
>5 billion
1.6% |
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What is the projected population for 2050 for LDCs? Where will most of the growth occur? What percentage of the world lives on this continent? What percentage of the world's arable land is on this continent?
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8 billion
Asia 56% 31% |
