Intro To Hematology And Basic Laboratory Practice

Front 1

Define Hematology

Back 1

The study of blood, health and pathologic conditions

Front 2

Composition of Blood

Back 2

6-8% of body weight

5 liters or 10x volume of blood

composed of cellular elements suspended in plasma

50-60% of blood volume is plasma and the rest mostly RBCs

Front 3

Hematology and Relationships

Back 3

Relationship of blood to systemic circulation

Plasma environment and to the red blood cell life span

Hemoglobin to the red blood cells

Front 4

Cellular Elements of Blood

Back 4

Erythrocytes - RBCs

Leukocytes- WBCs

Thrombocytes- Platelets

Front 5

Plasma

Back 5

90 % water, Contained dissolved solids : proteins, lipids, amino acids, antibodies, hormones, and electrolytes. Fibrinogen and other coagulation proteins which allow blood to form a clot

Front 6

Percentage of Elements in Whole Blood

Back 6

Erythrocytes-RBCs 44%

Leukocytes-WBCs

Thrombocytes-Platelets

WBCs and Platelets 1%

Plasma - 55%

90% water and 10 % dissolved solutions

Front 7

Microscope Parts

Back 7

Eye piece/ocular

Objective

Tube length

NA, Numerical aperture number

Magnification number

Iris diagram

Stage

Adjustment Knobs

Front 8

PPE - Personal Protective Equipment

Back 8

Gloves, Gowns, Face shields, Handwashing

Front 9

Safety Procedures

Back 9

No mouth pipetting, eating, smoking, drinking, no loose papers or notebooks out of lab, no dangling jewelry, personal hygiene kept

Front 10

Hazards in Labs

Back 10

Fire Hazards, Electrical, Radioactive, Physical

Front 11

What Constitutes an Exposure?

Back 11

Needlestick/sharp injury that punctures the skin, splash to mucous membranes of eye, nose, and mouth, potential infectious fluids that contact broken or abraded skin

Front 12

Infection Risk

Back 12

Exposure does not mean you are automatically infected. Infection risk increases with depth of injury, source patient stage of diseases, amount of infectious blood in exposure, length of contact with infected materials,

Front 13

Hepatitis B

Back 13

6-30% infectious rate

Given Hep B immune Globin within 24 horus

Give Hep B Immune Globin 30 days post exposure (6 months post exposure if never immunized for hep B)

Source positive exposed blood work, baseline and every 6 months for next year post exposure

Front 14

Hepatitis C

Back 14

1.8 infectious rate/ risk

No vaccine

Source positive for exposed blood work, baseline and every 6 months for next year post exposure

Front 15

HIV

Back 15

.3 % rate/risk

Given AZT

May be change based on retroviral therapy of source. Be started within 2 to 6 hours

Front 16

Standard Precautions for reducing occupational exposures

Back 16

Treat everyone as if they AIDs, Wear/Use PPE, Wash hands, Do your best to prevent direct contact with blood or body fluids

Front 17

PPE

Back 17

Provides a barrier against contact with pathogens, may also be referred to as an engineering control. Wear appropriate PPE to match anticipated potential for exposure. Hand washing must be done with every patient contact after glove removal and if gloved and ungloved hands have been contaminated with a bodily fluid sample.

Front 18

Spills and Clean up

Back 18

1:10 solution of beach should be used

Never handle sharps directly, must be placed in sharps container

Front 19

MSDS

Back 19

Comprehensive database of more than 310 thousand Material Safety Data Sheets, obtained directly from manufactures and suppliers, each data sheet is presented exactly as provided by manufacturer . MSDS contains chemical and physical properties, health hazards, first aid recommendations, personal protection, fire and reactivity data, spill and disposal procedures, storage and handling

Front 20

NFPA

Back 20

National Fire Protection Association warning diamond : Heath, Flammability, Specific, Reactivity

Front 21

Quality Assaurance

Back 21

A comprehensive and systematic process that strives to ensure reliable patent results, this process includes every level of laboratory operations, Quality Control : Standard/calibrations and Control Materials, Statistics (accuracy/Precision)

Front 22

Standards/Calibrations

Back 22

There are solutions that have a known amount of an analyze and are used to calibrate the method or instrument

Front 23

Control Material

Back 23

Used to monitor the performance of a method after calibration

Front 24

Statistics

Back 24

Standard deviation studies/coefficient of variation:accuracy and precision

Front 25

Statistical Quality Control

Back 25

Used to establish the target range for the analyze, the procedure invokes obtaining at least 20 control values for the analyze to be measure. be repeated with same central tendency. the mean mode and median are statistical parameters used to measure the central tendency.

Front 26

Mean

Back 26

Average of a group of data points

Front 27

Mode

Back 27

The value occurring most frequently

Front 28

Median

Back 28

The middle value of dataset

Front 29

Standard Deviation

Back 29

Precision measurement that describes the average distance of each data point from the mean in a normal distribution

Front 30

Coefficient of variation (CV)

Back 30

standard deviation expressed as a percentage, the lower the CV, the more precise are the data. CV for laboratory is less than 5 %

Front 31

Accuracy and Precision

Back 31

Accuracy is defined as the result closed to the true value. Precision relaters to reproducibility and repeatability of test sample using the same methodology. Great variability of results around a target value means that the precision is compromised.

Front 32

Quality Assuarance

Back 32

Each part of the quality assurance plan or process should be analyzed, monitored, and reconfigured s necessary to emphasized excellence at every outcome

Front 33

List of Quality Indicators

Back 33

# of patient redraws

Labeling errors

Patient and specimens properly defined

Critical Values called

Pass rate on competency testing

Test cancellation

Integrity of send out samples

Employee productivity

Errors in data entry

Testing turn around times

Delays caused by maintenance or equipment failures

Performance on proficiency testing

Front 34

Important Values

Back 34

Reference Values, Delta Checks, Reflex testing

Reference Values - norm values determined by population. Delta Checks, historical checks, compared current results with previous * key to identifying pre-analytical errors. Reflex testing, machine flags abnormal results, additional testing may be required

Front 35

Reference Interval

Back 35

To establish Reference Interval, the following must be considered: # of samples (25), represent healthy males and females and children

Front 36

Pre-Analytical Factors

Back 36

Any factor that may affect the sample before testing : specimen id, proper collection methods, time, specimen integrity, properly labeled tubes, proper anticoagulant, proper mixing of sample, timely delivery to lab, tubes check for clots, medication administered to patients, previous blood transfusion, intravenous line contamination

Front 37

Analytical Facots

Back 37

Wrong/omitted calculation , correct dilutions

Front 38

Post Analytical Factors

Back 38

Refer to operations that occur after sample testing . These variables affect the integrity of sample results: proper documentation, reporting critical values, delta checks, result released, specimen check for clots