Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
hematology
|
-the study of blood and its components: bone marrow, circulating blood and organs (morphology and physiological activities)
-total blood vol 5-6 liters -46% RBCs, 1% WBCs and plts, 55% is plasma |
|
|
CBC
|
1. WBC- #
2. RBC- # 3. HgB- O2 carrying capacity 4. Hct- packed RBCs 5. Indices: MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW evaluation for anemia (tell about RBC morph) 6. Plt- # 7. Differential- % of diff types of WBCs |
|
|
MCV: Mean Cell Volume
|
-avg vol of cells measured in femtoliters
-MCT = HCT/RBC count -nml values: 80-96 fl |
|
|
MCH: Mean Cell Hemoglobin
|
-avg wt of hemeoglobin content measured in pg
-MCH = HGB/RBC count -nml values: 27-33 pg |
|
|
MCHC: Mean Cell hemoglobin concentration
|
-avg hemoglobin concentration measured in grams per dL or %
-MCHC = HGB/HCT -nml = 33-36 g/dL |
|
|
RDW: Red Cell Distribution Width
|
-measurement of anisocytosis or degree of cell size
-RDW = SD of MCV/Mean MCV -nml: 11-15% |
|
|
WBC Count
|
-body defense system
-differential: % of diff types of WBCs given as a % counting 100 WBCs -neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
|
|
absolute count
|
-the actual # of each type of WBC can be calculated by multiplying the % of cell types seen on the differential by the total # of WBCs counted
-EXAMPLE: WBC 10,000 DIFF: 70% segs, 30% lymphs -Absolute Neutrophil (ANC) = 10,000 X .70 = 7,000/ul |
|
|
neutrophil
|
-nml range 40-75%
-most abundant -life span: 12-24 hrs -function: defense and phagocytosis-kill bacteria (neutrophile count will inc if you have a bacterial infx) |
|
|
lymphocyte
|
-2nd most common cell, 25-45%
-function: antigen-AB -life span varies -T-lymph: delayed hypersensitivity -B-lymph: produce immunoglobins |
|
|
monocyte
|
-5-8%
-life span: 12 hrs -function: ingest and kill microorganisms, and function with lymphs for AB production -macrophage: monocyte in the tissue |
|
|
eosinophil
|
-3-5%
-function: phagocytiv, inc with parasitic infxs and allergic rxns |
|
|
basophile
|
-1-2%
-black granules filled with histamine -function: mediators of inflamm response esp those of hypersensitivity |
|
|
leukopoiesis
leukocytosus leukopenia leukemia |
1. production of WBC
2. inc in WBCs (usually temp) 3. dec in WBCs 4. inc in WBCs but not temporary, malignant |
|
|
RBC
|
-measured in millions
-carry hemoglobin -no nucleus -male: 4.6-6; female 4-5.4 -biconcave discs |
|
|
anisocytosis
|
- a variation in the size of the red blood cell. Examine 10 fields under oil immersion and note the amount of red blood cells that are different size. Reported as Slight, Moderate, and Marked
nml: 0-5; slight 5-15; moderate: 15-30; marked: >30 -if RDW is elevated you have this |
|
|
Poikilocytosis
|
- used to describe the variation in the shape of red blood cells. Examine 10 fields under oil immersion and note the amount of different shapes. Reported out as Slight Moderate, and Marked.
-nml: 0-1; slight: 1-5; mod: 5-15; marked: >15 |
|
|
hemoglobin
|
-protein found in the RBC the binds to O2 and gives RBCs their color
-M: 14-18 F: 12-15 |
|
|
hematocrit
|
-volume occupied by RBCs in a given vol of blood or packed cell vol
-M: 40-54% -F: 35-49% |
|
|
anemia
polycythemia |
1.decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit
2. too many RBCs, high heme and hct |
|
|
platelet count/thrombocyte
|
-150-400,000
-live 7-9 days -no nucleus -main function is capillary integrity and function in hemostasis -thrombocytopenia = dec plt count -thrombocytosis = inc plt count |
|
|
Reticulocyte count
|
-young RBC that contains remnant cytoplasmic RNA
-visible only w/the use of a special stain called new methylene blue which precipitates the RNA -a way to assess erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow -newborns have high retic count |
|
|
Sedimentation Rate ESR
|
-the rate in mm at which the RBCs fall in 1 hr
-ESR values increase in the process of inflamm F: 0-20 mm/hr M: 0-10 mm/hr |
|
|
Causes of Anemia
|
1. acute or chronic bl loss
2. nutritional deficiency 3. increased RBC destruction 4. hematopoietic stem cell damage 5. acquired or hereditary factors 6. bone marrow replacement by malignant cells 7. infx or toxicity |
|
|
Symptoms of anemia
|
1. fatigue
2. difficulty in breathing 3. light headliness 4. headache 5. skin pallor 6. heart palpitations 7. general malaise |
|
|
Classification of Anemia
|
-Morphologic: MCV, MCHV
-pathophysiologic |
|
|
Iron deficiency Anemia
|
-results when the iron stores of the body have been depleted b/c of dietary intake, malabsoprtion or increased iron loss
Depletion of iron stores: Stage I Iron deficient erythropoiesis: Stage II Iron deficiency anemia: Stage III Decr oxygen delivery: Stage IV |
|
|
Iron deficiency Lab findings
|
-dec RBC, HGB, HCT
-microcytic - Hypochromic -RDW increased -retic nml to decreased -serum iron decreased, ferritin decreased -bone marrow: depleted iron stores |
|
|
Sideroblastic anemia
|
-abnl iron kinetics
-lab findings: pappenheimer bodies (unused iron) -increased serum iron and ferritin -marrow: ringed sideroblasts |
|
|
Lead poisoning
|
-lead intoxication interferes with iron storage in the mitochondria
-lab findings: moderate to large amt of basophilic stippling |
|
|
anemia of chronic disease
|
-due to a block in the release of iron from the macrophage
-inaccessibility of storage iron, secondary to another condition -dimorphic bl pic, RDW nml, serum iron dec, ferritin nml to inc marrow: macrophages show inc hemosiderin |
|
|
Megoblastic anemia (macrocytic)
|
-abnl DNA synthesis
-named after the giant abnl erythroid precursor cell found in marrow types: 1, vit B12 2. Folic acid 3. Pernicious anemia (most common): secondary to an absence of a intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of B12 |
|
|
magoblastic anemia lab findings
|
- macrocytic - normochromic anemia (nml amt of O2)
-neutropenia with hypersegmentation -MCH inc -anis and poik with oval macrocytes -thrombocytopenia with gitan plts -howel jolly bodies (reminant of DNA) -marrow: hypercellular with inc giant erythroid precursors |
|
|
hemolytic anemia
|
-increased destruction of RBCs or shortened RBC survival
-can be inherited: intrinsic defect w/RBC (sickle cell), red cell membrane, defects in HgB synthesis -acquired usually have nml RBCs that are destroyed by extrinsic factors or agents outside the cell |
|
|
hereditary spherocytosis
|
-caused by a defect in the RBC membrane involving spectrin
-MCV 77-87, MCHC inc -spherocytes, polychromasia (RBC blue in color) -retic elevated |
|
|
Hereditary Elliptocytosis
|
-defect in the membrane cytoskeleton
-MCV, MCHC nml -retic <4% (elevated) -RBCs eliptical |
|
|
Hemoglobinopathies
|
-result from a genetically determined abnormality of the globin portion of the hemoglobin molecule
-abn hemoglobin structure nml: A1: 95%, A2: 1.5-3%, F: < 2% by age of one -less S the better clinical picture |
|
|
Sickle Cell Anemia S/S
|
-homozygous 90-100% Hgb S
-structure abnormality valine/glutamic acid -Lab findings: severe anemia, RDW inc, hypochromia, polychromasia, NRBC's, Howell Jolly Bodies and Pappenheimer Bodies |
|
|
Sickle Cell trait S/A
|
-heterozygous: 20-40% Hgb S
-depending on the amt of Hgb S depends on the severity of the case -nml retic, nml morphology or slight ania and poik -sickle cell screen positive |
|
|
Thalassemia
|
-impaired globin chain synthesis
-thalaseemia major: homozygoud impaired synthesis of the beta chain -severe hemolytic anemia, microcytic - hypochromic -40-60% Hgb F, 3-7% A2 |
|
|
Thalasemia minor
|
-heterozygous, one nml beta gene and one abnl beta gene is present
-a milder chronic micorcytic- hypochromic anemia, target cells, basophilic stippling -2-6% Hgb F, 3-7% Hgb A2 |
|
|
increased RBCs
|
1. Polycythemia: inc RBcs, Hgb, Hct
2. Polycythemia Vera: inc in all 3 cells lines, inc RBC vol 3. Secondary or absolute polycythemia: inc erythropoietin production 4. Relative polycythemia: decreased plasma vol due to dehydration |
