Intro To Geography Final

Front 1

Number of major fisheries in decline

Back 1

13

Front 2

maximum sustainable yield

Back 2

largest volume or rate of use that will not impair its ability to be renewed or to maintain the same future productivity.

Front 3

tragedy of the commons

Back 3

economic reality that when a resource is available to all, exploit to max, leads to depletion

Front 4

aquaculture

Back 4

breeding of fish in freshwater ponds, lakes, canals or in fenced off cages in coastal bays open cages in ocean

Front 5

two main ways harvesting done

Back 5

clear cutting and selective harvesting

Front 6

Number of major fisheries in decline

Back 6

13

Front 7

maximum sustainable yield

Back 7

largest volume or rate of use that will not impair its ability to be renewed or to maintain the same future productivity.

Front 8

tragedy of the commons

Back 8

economic reality that when a resource is available to all, exploit to max, leads to depletion

Front 9

aquaculture

Back 9

breeding of fish in freshwater ponds, lakes, canals or in fenced off cages in coastal bays open cages in ocean

Front 10

two main ways harvesting done

Back 10

clear cutting and selective harvesting

Front 11

Number of major fisheries in decline

Back 11

13

Front 12

maximum sustainable yield

Back 12

largest volume or rate of use that will not impair its ability to be renewed or to maintain the same future productivity.

Front 13

tragedy of the commons

Back 13

economic reality that when a resource is available to all, exploit to max, leads to depletion

Front 14

aquaculture

Back 14

breeding of fish in freshwater ponds, lakes, canals or in fenced off cages in coastal bays open cages in ocean

Front 15

two main ways harvesting done

Back 15

clear cutting and selective harvesting

Front 16

production of minerals depends on balance of what 3 things?

Back 16

Richness of ore, distance to market, quantity avaliable

Front 17

traditional export pattern of goods

Back 17

primary products from developing to industrialized regions
manufactured from developed to developing

Front 18

costs industrial location models consider

Back 18

transportation, labor, power, plant construction, price of raw materials, interest rate of money

Front 19

least cost theory proposed by Alfred Weber

Back 19

Owners try to maximize profits by locating manufacturing activities at sites with lowest total input costs. transportation most important.

Front 20

Agglomeration

Back 20

clustering of productive activity and people for mutual advantage

Front 21

Agglomeration economies

Back 21

decreased cost through shared facilities and services

Front 22

substitution principle

Back 22

replace declining amount of one input with an increase in another

Front 23

flexible manufacturing

Back 23

smaller production runs, flexible work crews, application of info. technologies, just-in-time delivery of parts and supplies

Front 24

flexible production system

Back 24

changing assembly lines from one good to another

Front 25

Role water plays in deciding where to locate industry

Back 25

cheap, early industries

Front 26

Role rails play in deciding where to locate an industry

Back 26

allowed for commercial exploitation of inland areas, still important, transferring water to rails

Front 27

Role highways play in deciding where to locate an industry

Back 27

more options for manufacturing plant placement

Front 28

footloose industry

Back 28

industry not affected by transportation costs
ex. electronics

Front 29

Connection between transport cost and footloose industries

Back 29

as trans. costs go down, more industries become footloose

Front 30

ubiquitous industry

Back 30

industries inseparable from the market they serve
ex. newspaper, fresh veg. and dairy

Front 31

comparative advantage

Back 31

each area, region or country concentrates on production of those items for which it has greatest relative advantage over other areas

Front 32

outsourcing

Back 32

producing parts or products abroad for domestic sale, subcontracting production and service sector work to outside domestic companies

Front 33

off-shoring

Back 33

the practice of either hiring foreign workers or contracting with a foreign third-party service provider to take over and run business processes and operations

Front 34

New International Division of Labor

Back 34

manufactured goods from developing world to developed world; subdivision of manufacturing processes into smaller steps.

Front 35

transnational companies

Back 35

private firms that have established branch operations in nations foreign to their headquarters country.

Front 36

4 main regions of world manufacturing

Back 36

1.Eastern Anglo America
2. Western and Central Europe
3. Eastern Europe
4. East Asia

Front 37

countries that rely most on tertiary activities

Back 37

developed countries

Front 38

size of tourist industry

Back 38

largest worldwide industry in jobs and total value. 250 million jobs, $4.5 trillion economic value, 800 million visits annually.

Front 39

Why cities grown in 20th century

Back 39

industrializations leads to urbanization

Front 40

Where highest number of people live in urban areas

Back 40

Developing countries

Front 41

Countries with highest % living in urban areas

Back 41

Developed countries

Front 42

Allowed cities to develop in ancient world

Back 42

agricultural surplus, social organization and power

Front 43

what does situation refer to in relation to a city's location?

Back 43

the relative location

Front 44

What is the basic sector of a city?

Back 44

People doing work for areas outside the urban area

Front 45

what is the non-basic sector of a city

Back 45

People produce goods or services for residents of the urban area

Front 46

Multiplier effect between basic and non-basic workers

Back 46

Each basic worker needs non-basic workers to support them

Front 47

suburb

Back 47

segment of large urban area outside city

Front 48

central city

Back 48

within boundaries of main city

Front 49

urbanized area

Back 49

built-up landscape defined by building and population densities

Front 50

metropolitan area

Back 50

large-scale functional entity discontinuously built-up but nonetheless operating as an integrated economic whole

Front 51

3 main functions of the city

Back 51

1. Central place functions
2. Transport functions
3. Singular functions

Front 52

Walter Christaller's Central Place Theory

Back 52

1. Towns of same size evenly placed, larger- farther apart
2. System of towns are interdependent, if one eliminated, entire system readjusts

Front 53

Cities as centers of production

Back 53

circular and cumulative, resistant to decline

Front 54

Cities as centers of administration

Back 54

Always have govt. employees, education centers

Front 55

urban hierarchy

Back 55

ranking of cities based on size and function

Front 56

Rank-size relationship

Back 56

nth largest city is 1/n size of largest city

Front 57

World Cities

Back 57

stand at the top of national system, command and control centers of global economy

Front 58

Changes after 1945 lead to urban sprawl

Back 58

Improvements in automobiles, development of highway systems, increase in homeownership and 40 hr week

Front 59

suburbanization

Back 59

development of suburbs, residential came first, industries followed

Front 60

Factors that lead to decline of city in late 20th century

Back 60

cities congested, loss of jobs, loss of tax bases

Front 61

What is different about cities in western U.S?

Back 61

Rapid growth, sprawling expansion

Front 62

gentrification

Back 62

the rehabilitation of housing in oldest and now deteriorated inner-city areas by middle and high income groups.

Front 63

Variables leading to ppl settling in different parts of urban areas

Back 63

family status, social status, ethnicity

Front 64

Characteristics of Western European cities

Back 64

compact, high density, lower skyline, good public transportation system, built on previous city plans

Front 65

Eastern European cities

Back 65

compact, reflect communist planning principles, depend on public transportation

Front 66

Cities in developing countries

Back 66

fastest growing, some ancient cities, some colonial roots, some have modern technology, some dont.

Front 67

ecosystem

Back 67

self-sustaining units that consist of all the organisms and physical features existing together in a particular area

Front 68

food chain

Back 68

sequence of organisms through which energy and materials move within an ecosystem

Front 69

IPAT

Back 69

Impact on environment, Population, Affluence, Technology factor. Tells human impact on ecosystems

Front 70

% of water used for agriculture

Back 70

78%

Front 71

% of water used for industry

Back 71

18%

Front 72

major human impacts on flowing water

Back 72

construction of dams, canals, reservoirs, channelization

Front 73

point pollution

Back 73

enter environment at specific sites (sewage treatment plants)

Front 74

non-point pollution

Back 74

more diffuse and difficult to control
(runoff from ag. fields, road salts)

Front 75

dead zone

Back 75

suffocation of animal life in the water. Fertilizers give nutrients, cause algae to grow, block sun from organisms

Front 76

How agriculture causes water pollution

Back 76

run-offs get biocides into hydrosphere

Front 77

How industry causes water pollution

Back 77

toxic minerals, oil spills, acid rain, thermal pollution

Front 78

How residences cause water polution

Back 78

contaminated run-off, chemical seepage, sewage

Front 79

How mining causes water pollution

Back 79

Heap-leach gold mining (Pouring cyanide to extract gold)

Front 80

Ways to control water pollution

Back 80

Public education programs, Manual clean-up, Recycling, Sewage treatment, Ban or regulate pollutants, Water quality legislation

Front 81

Causes of air pollution from humans

Back 81

burning fossil fuels, industrial process, incineration of waste, forest and ag. fires

Front 82

factors that affect air pollution

Back 82

climate, weather, wind pattern, topography

Front 83

acid rain

Back 83

oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically in atmosphere and return to earth

Front 84

impacts of acid rain

Back 84

lower pH of water and soil, kills water creatures and vegetation, destroys buildings and statues

Front 85

photochemical smog

Back 85

interaction of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen in sunlight. Damages human heath and vegetation.

Front 86

Why sinkholes and subsidence happen

Back 86

from extraction of material beneath earth

Front 87

endangered species

Back 87

those present in such low numbers in jeopardy of extinction

Front 88

vulnerable species

Back 88

decreasing populations likely to become endangered

Front 89

exotic species

Back 89

invasive species cause economic or environmental harm, non indigenous

Front 90

Role exotic species have in other species going extinct

Back 90

compete with other species, outcompete b/c dont have diseases or predators
ex. rabbits in australia

Front 91

biological magnification

Back 91

accumulation of a chemical in fatty tissue and concentration at progressively higher levels of food chain

Front 92

U.S. countries produce how much waste compared to developing countries?

Back 92

twice as much

Front 93

problems with landfills

Back 93

liquids leak and pollute ground water, run out of land

Front 94

problems with incineration

Back 94

toxic pollutants in air emissions and ash

Front 95

source reduction

Back 95

producing less waste

Front 96

recyling

Back 96

recovery and reprocessing or reuse of previously used material into new products for the same or another purpose

Front 97

variables impacting how much a society recyles

Back 97

cost of collecting goods, fluctuations in market price, lack of ready market for products manufactured from recycled material, hidden costs of making things from raw materials

Front 98

how developing countries recycle waste

Back 98

waste pickers, Ad-hoc recycling

Front 99

hazardous waste

Back 99

wastes that pose an immediate or long-term human health risk or endanger environment

Front 100

region

Back 100

attempt to separate into recognizable component, parts the diversity and complexity of the earths surface

Front 101

regional concept

Back 101

physical and cultural phenomena on the surface of the earth are rationally arranged by spatial process

Front 102

regions in physical geography

Back 102

Land form regions ex. rocky mts., alps
Dynamic regions in weather and climate ex. air masses
Natural resource region- coal and oil

Front 103

regions in cultural geography

Back 103

Political region: state boundaries, nation states
Population regions: settlement patters, birth/death rates
Language region: dialects
Mental region: culture space, personal mental maps, activity space

Front 104

regions in the locational tradition of geography

Back 104

economic, urban and ecosystem

Front 105

economic regions

Back 105

farming regions, industrial regions
ex. Tennessee valley, indian reservation

Front 106

urban regions

Back 106

functional region analysis, regional modeling, formal regioning

Front 107

ecosystems as regions

Back 107

ex. everglades

Front 108

how has export pattern changed?

Back 108

manufactured goods from developing to developed countries