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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kantian Moral Theory |
Immanuel Kant |
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Humanity Formulation |
Humanity Formulation of Kantian Moral Theory: Treat people as ends in themselves, not simply the means to an end. |
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Universal Law |
A maxim of behavior: "Whenever ____, I will ____." Ex. I will run a red light whenever I am running late. Also, everyone else will do the same thing. UL formulation of Kantian Moral Theory 1) Can conceive of a maxim one could consistently adopt and apply 2) Everyone will act on it |
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Two aims of a moral theory |
1) Theoretical: Examine the underlying reasons why something/someone is good/bad, i.e. moral criteria 2) Practical: Providing guidance to arrive at the morally correct choice |
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Principles of right or wrong |
"Principles of right conduct" p4 |
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Intrinsic value |
"Principles of value" p4 |
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Utilitarianism |
Developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Refined by John Stuart Mill Consequentalist theory Welfare/happiness is intrinsically valuable Moral right/wrongness depends on welfare/happiness |
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Utility |
"Net value of consequences of actions" Part of utilitarianism |
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NLT |
Natural Law Theory Aquinas (1225-1274) Value based, but opposed to consequentialism Some behaviors are natural Right action will not violate ANY of the basic values |
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Natural Law: Values |
4 intrinsic goods: (Aquinas) 1) Human life 2) Procreation 3) Sociability 4) Knowledge |
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DDE |
Doctrine of Double Effect p13 Analyze an act that will bring about at least 1 good and 1 evil effect. 1) Intrinsic permissibility - The action is morally permissible, viewed aside from its effects 2) Necessity - Good depends on bad 3) Non-intentionality - not intended, either as a means to achieve an end or as an end itself 4) Proportionality - weigh good vs evil |
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Rights-based moral theory |
Rights: Analyzed by STRENGTH and CONTENT | Rights holder - makes claim to right from addressee Rights addressee - holder has a claim to a right from addressee | Morally justified = rights infringement Morally unjustified = rights violation Defended by Mackie. |
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Negative right |
Rights-based moral theory: Non-interference Rights involving non-action, refraining Ex. Fred I love you but do not DO THE THING TYVM |
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Positive right |
Rights-based moral theory: Entitled to something, having a claim that someone else DO or PROVIDE something Ex. Fred, give me that baby. I MADE THAT BABY GIVE ME MY SMOL CHILD |
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Rights-based moral theory applied |
Right action (a) does not violate the moral rights of others, but if (b) not all rights can be respected, they must be dealt with in terms of importance. |
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Virtue Ethics |
Virtue - "positive evaluation of persons" i.e. what a virtuous agent would do Ex. (honesty, courage, beneficence, loyalty, gratitude, etc, and corresponding vices) |
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Prima Facie |
W.D. Ross Prima facie duties - some moral obligation, may be OVERRIDDEN by other duties |
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Prima Facie Duties |
(Ross) 1) Justice (pleasure according to merit, what is deserved) 2) Beneficence 3) Self improvement 4) Non-maleficence 5) Fidelity - keeping promises 6) Reparation 7) Gratitude |
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Prima Facie Intrinsic Goods |
1) Knowledge 2) Pleasure 3) Pleasure in proportion to virtue 4) Virtue |
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Deontological |
Duty-based |
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Social Contract Theory |
John Rawls Original position - ideal circumstances "Veil of ignorance" Justice as fairness Criteria agreed upon as fair by free agents in a social contract (hypothetical or real) |
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Principles of Justice |
Social Contract Theory 1) The Principle of Greatest Equal Liberty - Each person should :have equal right to the most extensive basic liberty" comparable to the liberty of others 2) The Difference Principle - equals playing field, egalitarian approach to social and economic factors |
