Intro To Epidemiology

Front 1

What is the study of how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution?

Back 1

Epidemiology

Front 2

How is epidemiology applied?

Back 2

To improve health in populations and for specific patients

Front 3

What composes clinical epidemiological research?

Back 3

the what, who, when where and why

Front 4

What composes the biomedical epidemiological research?

Back 4

the how?

Front 5

List the three general aspects of the study of epidemiology

Back 5

Population
Disease
Application

Front 6

What is distribution?

Back 6

Who in the population is affected?

Front 7

What are determinants?

Back 7

What factors contribute to disease?

Front 8

What is the prognosis?

Back 8

How does the disease progress? what is the typical outcome?

Front 9

This type of epidemiology studies entire community populations and focuses on risk factors that might be altered in the general population to prevent or delay disease, injury or death

Back 9

Classical epidemiology

Front 10

This type of epidemiology studies patients in health care settings (people who are ill) and focuses on factors related to disease management

Back 10

Clinical epidemiology

Front 11

Why would you use population data in clinical medicine?

Back 11

To gain a better understanding of health and disease and to apply populations-based data to the care of individual patients

Front 12

What's the importance of defining the population under study?

Back 12

Important bc certain diseases affect certain people differently. Can characterize by race, age, gender, location, etc.

Front 13

How is population data applied to the practice of clinical medicine?

Back 13

The differential diagnosis is based upon understanding of how disease generally presents in similar people

Front 14

What are the general aspects of disease?

Back 14

-Defining features of the disease
-Risks for developing disease
-Etiology of disease (underlying cause)
-Process and Outcome of disease

Front 15

BEINGS Model

Back 15

Biologic & Behavioral factors
Environmental factors
Immunological factors
Nutritional factors
Genetic factors
Services; Social & Spiritual factors

Front 16

Central Dogma of Health & Disease

Back 16

There is a threshold of risks (stressors that challenge homeostasis); once the threshold is reached the disease process is detectable in patients; the process of disease is pathogenesis, pathophysiology and prognosis

Front 17

What do epidemiological studies focus on?

Back 17

Epidemiological studies focus on identifying general causes and do not aim to determine the underlying biological mechanisms of disease

Front 18

What is the epidemiologic triad?

Back 18

Agent (Plasmodium), Host (Human), Environment (Mosquitos/Water/Infected people); sometimes includes a vector (Anopheles mosquito);

Front 19

What are the components of the epidemiologic triad?

Back 19

Host factors
Agents of disease
Environment
Vectors

Front 20

Define host factors:

Back 20

Degree to which individuals adapt to stressors produced by the agent

Front 21

What are some agents of disease?

Back 21

Biologic, chemical, physical, social/psych

Front 22

What is the environment?

Back 22

Probability and circumstances of exposure of host to agent

Front 23

What are vectors?

Back 23

Insects, arthropods, animals; must have a specific relationship with agent, host, and environment

Front 24

What are the four goals of epidemiology?

Back 24

1) Identify the extent of disease in population
2) Identify risk factors/ etiology
3) Study disease progression and prognosis
4) Evaluate existing approaches to prevention and intervention

Front 25

T/F: Clinical epidemiology often focuses on characterizing responses to disease intervention (prevention; treatment)

Back 25

True

Front 26

What is an epidemic?

Back 26

The unusual occurrence of disease

Front 27

What is an endemic?

Back 27

Disease occurs within a population at a relatively constant level

Front 28

Attack rate equation

Back 28

# new cases
__________________ X 100
# persons exposed

Front 29

What is the general outline for investigating an epidemic?

Back 29

Why did this person become sick with this disease at this time and this place?

Front 30

preventing the emergence or development of risk factors before they have a chance to appear

Back 30

Primordial prevention

Front 31

the risk factors are present, but action is taken prior to the emergence of disease such that the possibility of disease occurring is removed

Back 31

Primary prevention

Front 32

disease is present, but actions are taken to halt the progression of disease at its earliest phases such that complications are averted

Back 32

Secondary prevention

Front 33

the disease has progressed; interventions focus on “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients’ adjustment to irremediable conditions

Back 33

Tertiary prevention