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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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David Garrick
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People had sat onstage and talked to the actors, but he banished the spectators from the stage in 1762 (this was met with a lot of resistance, as people liked their moment of fame)
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Johan Wolfgang von Goethe
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Forbid the audience to do anything but applaud or withhold applause (1796)
Had people arrested if they misbehaved |
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Richard Wagner
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1876- Idea of a more democratic theatre with no box, pit, or gallery
Wanted a distinct separation of audience and stage with pit creating distance |
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Susan Bennett
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Horizon of expectations: set of ideas and values each audience brings to a show (varies from audience to audience and culture to culture)
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Victor Turner
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Makes this difference clear. Although theatre may look like ritual, it does not alter the community (although people may feel affected)
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God from a machine—crane used to fly gods—an emotional part in the play
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Dues ex machina
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platform extends to wheel out bloody things
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Eccyclema
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behind orchestra and actors
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Skene
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where the audience watches from and sits
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Theatron
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Plays spread through the year had to be performed at a single event
Removal from the church gave more freedom to make performances more elaborate Vernacular instead of Latin |
Cycle Plays
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Performed whole Bible
Trade guilds Just a few actors/playlet Mostly on pageant wagons Traveled around to York, Chester, Wakefield (cycles) |
British
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France and Germany
Dealt with the life of Christ Confranternties Large group of actors for whole production Mostly stationary |
Continent
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Open air
Inexpensive Larger Outside of London Adult companies |
Public
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Indoor
Expensive Smaller In London Child companies |
Private
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standing room
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yard
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seats off to the side
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gallery
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roof over stage
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the heavens
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wall at back of stage
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facade
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backstage
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inner below
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costumes
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“ancient” indicated someone out of fashion and only sometimes another time period
“antique” for certain classical figures fantasy characters such as witches or ghosts specific characters (Robin Hood, Falstaff) ethnic (Moors, Jews, Spaniards) |
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Marlowe
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Focus on the development of the protagonist
Developed the “chronicle” or history play (can’t get in trouble with history) Helped perfect blank verse |
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Shakespeare
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38 plays (comedy, tragedy, history)
early point of attack several lines of action large number and variety of incidents time and space used freely—a sense of ongoing life behind the scenes large range and number of characters varied language subjects from many sources |
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Ben Johnson
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Considered the best after Shakespeare, but he thought he was better
Influential in his time Actor turned playwright Followed the rules more, but altered them Wrote many masques Poet laureate Plays were published—something usually reserved for poets His plays were limited: purpose to reform human behavior, concentrated on fables of contemporary types More harshly moralistic than Shakespeare Called comedy of humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile |
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Jacobean and Caroline Dramatists
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After 1610 a significant change in English drama
More technically proficient, but subjects shocking rather than profound Subject matter went to “thrill” |
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Aristotle Poetics—lost until the fall of Constantinople
Unities of time, place, AND action No mixing of genres Five acts Decorum: characters must behave according to universal truths |
Neo-classical ideal
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stages
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Proscenium: normal stage in front, audience in back
¾ Thrust: action on three of four sides Arena: theatre in the round Flexible: movable platforms |
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separation of genres
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Comedy: the imitation of characters of low birth
Tragedy: the imitation of characters of noble birth |
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points of attack
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Early point of attack (Romeo and Juliet)- not much has happened yet in the story in relation to when the play begins
Late point of attack (Oedipus)- most of the story has happened already. When the play starts, the story is toward the end |
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Banned performances of unlicensed work
Forbade religious or political drama Made local officials responsible for performance in their towns 1570 the suppression of cycle plays 1572 illegal for anyone under rank of Baron to run a troupe—traveling performances could perform by obtaining a license from 2 justices 1574 Master of Revels was licenser of all plays and companies Development of secular entertainment |
Elizabeth I
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Interludes
School Drama (people studying Latin and writing plays) Inns of court (law students) |
transitional drama
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elements of theatre
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actor, play, audience
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categories of culture
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popular culture, elitist culture
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someone acts like they’re swimming and you can believe there is water
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willing suspension of reality
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knowing when actors die that they aren't really dead
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Esthetic distance
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feeling for characters
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empathy
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making judgments (asking 6 questions)
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criticism
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live shows make the experience different every time
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ephemeral
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qualities of theatre
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Lifelike
Ephemeral: live shows make the experience different every time Objective Complexity of its Means Immediate: you must be present to capture its true essence (tapes are different) |
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Greek audience (Hellenistic)
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Sat 14,000
Arena built into hillside Special section for women if they came Each tribe had its own section Special seat front and center for the Priest of Dionysus and other VIPs Everyone came lasted all day |
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Elizabethan stage
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Seated 1500
No intermission Many items for sale during show Cheaper to stand in the yard Lord’s rooms expensive and used for prostitutes |
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layers of text
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Written dramatic texts that could be interpreted in different ways by the directors, actors, and designers
Social context: the surrounding cultural environment that creates a horizon of expectations (theatre ideologies) |
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origins basic trajectory
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Ritual with performance elements
Some societies began to perform stories that were separate from the ritual (ritual dramas) Early theatre was performed during religious festivals Later some societies adopted a theatrical art separate from religion or ritual |
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circular stage where chorus is
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orchestra
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word origins
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Tragedy- “goat song” (drank wine out of goat skins or a goat was a prize)
Dithyramb- choral singing and dancing (in honor of Dionysus) |
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Thespis
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534 BCE- prize established for best tragedy
Thespis was the first to win this prize Story of stepping out from chorus was from Horace; the particular type of tragedy was new |
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ancient greece
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Peisistratus: one of the tyrants whose successors were overthrown
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classical greece
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Return to Solonian Democracy and Athenian Justice
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Oedipus
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“tyrant” is the worst insult. Court case where he starts out as a judge and ends up on trial
Overconfident and bad temper One weakness that is the undoing of the protagonist (often it is having too much of a quality) |
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Aristotle the poetics
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We developed tragedy because of the desire to imitate and the sense of rhythm
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components of plot (tragedy)
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Events must evoke terror and pity—downfall of a relatively good person through some error of weakness (tied to the kind of character)
Peripeteia: change brought about by recognition (someone like you who is relatively good but flawed causes the audience to feel sorry when the bad thing happens which makes you examine your own weaknesses so that it doesn’t happen to you Conflict should be between those who are dear to one another |
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change brought about by recognition
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peripeteia
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The Unities
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action, time (and place)
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Italian contributions
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rules of writing plays, scene-shifting technology, comedia
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liturgical drama
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Commemoration of Biblical Event associated with days of the church calendar
Performance moved outside between 1200 and 1350 Corpus Christi- a calendar event in the summer |
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tropes
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Easter, crucifixion birth of Christ, Three Kings, Slaughter of the innocents
Use of places within the church to act (mansions and platea) |
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miracle plays
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Often written as part of an ongoing argument about church doctrine—to show that the Host is really the body of Christ, etc.
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morality plays
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Everyman
Castle of perseverance- shows the progress of humankind from birth to death and judgment (36 characters) |
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interludes
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entertainment presented at court
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mummings
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holiday season skits presented at court during a costume party (troupes would also go door to door for money)
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decline of church drama
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Protestants outlawed religious performances
Catholics withdrew their support as well Secular drama grew in popularity |
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Italian Renaissance
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Interest in Roman drama
In universities Latin plays were written 1429: 12 of Plautus’ lost plays were rediscovered 1453: fall of Constantinople 1465: introduction of printing made it easy to disseminate classical texts 1472-1518: all known Greek and Roman plays were published and distributed (printing press) Rise of deMedici family (double entry accounting) Cosmopolitanism changes power of the church Understanding that there was a tradition predating church Purity of type- comedy, tragedy, pastoral The Unities and Horace’s 5 act structure Scene shifting technology Play within 24 hours set in same town Intermezzi didn’t have to follow these rules |
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appearance of truth—reality, morality, and generality
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Versimilitude
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stuff onstage has to be feasible in real life (no ghosts)
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reality
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must teach a moral lesson
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morality
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abstractions as a key to truth, to find characteristics, which are universal, not the trivial or accidental
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generality
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Historical subjects, biblical subjects, foreign novels
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interludes
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Inspired by the study of classics and were written at Cambridge, Eton, Oxford
University Wits helped develop elegant prose, romantic comedies, complex protagonists, ideas of humanism, black verse-iambic pentameter (not rhymed) |
school dramas
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Roman Academy began to stage some of the Roman texts
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Vitruvius
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Rendering 3d objects on 2d space
DaVinci saw space as spherical |
perspective painting
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Tragic, comic, pastoral scene sketches
Scenery on raked position Drop and angled wing If a person was in the scenery, they would look like a giant in the spectacle |
serlio
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Manual for constructing theatrical scenes and machines
Using periaktoi and tongue and groove system (rolling waves) |
sabbattini
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Helped establish flat wings-running a cord from viewpoint
Groove system easier |
aleotti
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Chariot and pole system to change wing, drop and border at once
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torelli
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Rise of Domestic Drama
Growing middle class (1700s) and restoration theatre doesn’t respect their views |
enlightenment
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Showed how profane, immoral, sneaky are rewarded, made fun of clergy plays should be fixed
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Jeremy Collier England
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Talk of adding genres—domestic tragedy and comedy concerned with virtue
Voltaire likes Shakespeare but wishes he was French |
in France
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Charles II restored to the throne after staying in France
England embraces the Neoclassical ideal “restoration comedy” observes the Unities but is bawdy and licentious (sexual) women on stage now as a rule |
in England
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Tertullian
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theologian, denounced theatre in 3rd century
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Council of Carthage
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398. excommuniation for anyone attending a performance on a holy day
(actors) denied sacrament |
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Trullan Council
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692. forbid theatre, mime, and other spectacles
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lowest in hierarchy. most positive character in comedia. wants to work very little while eating, sleeping, and having women. bad if gets the power.
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Arlecchino
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devil helped him get out of his shell. has deformations which prevent people from loving him. arlecchino's cousin
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pulcinella
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strong woman who knows what she wants. everyone falls in love with her for she is beautiful and charming. lower class. arlecchino gets her. solves the problem.
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colombina
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dirty businesses. thinks he's better than arlecchino because he thinks he used to be arlecchino. nervous tick/stutter. not happy in his skin
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brighella
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rich guy, complains about losers. merchant who opened a carnival puts a stick with a lion on it into the ground. wants to keep all the money. wants colombina.
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pantalone
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knight, proud, unemployed (looking for soldiers)
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capitano
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pig, may be lawyer or doctor, intelligence to impress but doesn't know how to read or write, wants colombina
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Dottore
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lovers, could be male or female, young or old. beautiful. know nothing about the world
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amorosi
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in between god and character, gives hope of justice. know something we don't know.
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9th character
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gag
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lazzo
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