Intro To Comm & Pub Health

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Behavior change philsosphy

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involves a health education specialist using behavioral contracts, goal setting, and self-monitoring to try to foster a modification in an unhealthy habit in an individual with whom he is working. The nature of this approach allows for the establishment of easily measurable objectives, thus enhancing the ability to evaluate outcomes. (ex-setting up a contract to increase the number of hours of study each week)

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Cognitive-based philosophy

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focuses on the acquisition of content and factual information. The goal is to increase the knowledge of the individuals or groups so that they are better armed to make decisions about their health. (ex- simply posting statistics about the # of people killed or injured in a car crash who were not wearing seat belts.

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Decision-making philosophy

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a health education specialist presents simulated problems, case studies, or scenarios to students or clients. Each problem, case, or scenario requires decisions to be made in seeking a "best approach or answer" By creating and analyzing potential solutions, the students develop skills needed to address many health-related decisions they might face. An advantage of this approach is the emphasis on critical thinking and lifelong learning. (ex- using a variety of case examples of the Atkins Diet to see competing perspectives of effectiveness)

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Freeing/functioning philosophy

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was proposed by Greenberg (1978) as a reaction to traditional approaches of health education/promotion that he felt ran the risk of blaming victims for practicing health behaviors that were often either out of control or not seen as in their best interests. The health education specialist who uses this philosophical approach has the ultimate goal of freeing people to make the best health decisions possible based on their needs and interests- not necessarily the interests of society. Some health education specialists classify this as a subset of the decision-making philosophy. (ex- lessons on the responsible use of alcohol)

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Humanism

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"promotes the basic premise of the worth of human life and the ability of individuals to achieve...self fulfillment" (bedworth & bedworth)

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Holistic Philosophy

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the philosophy that the mind and body blend into a single unit; the person is a unified being.

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Philodoxy

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The love of opinion; letting opinion define reality.

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Wellness continuum

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Always a positive quality ( as opposed to illness being negative)

~ is visualized as the integration of the spiritual, intellectual, physical, emotional, environmental, and social dimensions of health to form a whole "healthy person."

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Concept

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Primary element of theory

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Construct

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concept has been developed, created or adopted for use with a specific theory

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Variable

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the way the construct is measured

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Levels of theory

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1) Intrapersonal

2) Interpersonal

3) Community factors

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Intrapersonal Level

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Individual characteristics that influence behavior, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traits.

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Interpersonal Level

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Interpersonal processes and primary groups, including family, friends, and peers that provide social identity, support, and role definition.

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Community Factors

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Social networks and norms, or standards, which exist as formal or informal among individual, groups, and organizations.

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Theories: 5 concepts

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1. theories are dynamic
2. theories have different paradigms (education versus environment based)
3. Theories have multiple functions
4. Theories guide program planning
5. Theory is a tool

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Generalized Model for program planning (GMPP)

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1. assessing needs
2. setting goals and objectives
3. developing an intervention
4. implementing the intervention
5. evaluating the results

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Precede/Proceed Model~~~ Phases

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1. social assessment
2. epidemiological assessment
3. educational and ecological assessment
4. intervention alignment
5.. Administrative and policy assessment
6. implementation
7. process evaluation
8. impact and outcome evaluation

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P/P model: Social assessment~ phase 1

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1. community members are encourages to identify social indicators that reflect the community's levels of satisfaction with their quality of life.

2. These indicators vary depending o the community members unique perspectives

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P/P model: Epidemiological Assessment~ phase 2

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1. Health Indicators: Incidence and prevalence of community health problems
2. Genetic Indicators: Inherited biological codes predispose some to health conditions.
3. Behavioral Indicators: Compliance, consumption, self- utilization or care.
4. Environmental indicators: Impact behavior and health

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P/P model: Educational and Ecological Assessment~ phase 3

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1. predisposing factors: attitudes, values, beliefs, knowledge~~ in community member's involve those thought processes that motivate the targeted behaviors.
2. reinforcing factors: are rewards or encouraging feedback( + or -) that community members receive from other people.
3. Enabling factors: include resources and skills needed for behavior change to occur or barriers that may prevent it from happening-- or both.

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P/P model: Intervention alignment; administrative/policy assessment~~ phase 4

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1.determine what program components, strategies, and services are necessary to bring about the intended change.
2.Does the program have the resources and the administrative infrastructure to make it happen?
3.This is where mapping comes into play. Resources such as time, personnel, and budget are three primary assets considerations that can be matched at this point with identified community assets and capacities.

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P/P model: Implementation ~~ Phase 5

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Assess barriers to implementation such as staff commitment and attitudes or community concerns.

In the policy assessment, local politics and organizational systems that may influence program implementation are also considered.

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(MATCH) Multilevel Approach to Community Health

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is designed to be applied when behavioral and environmental risk and protective factors for disease or injury are generally known and when general priorities for action have been determined, thus providing a convenient way to turn the corner from needs assessment and priority setting to the development of effective program"

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Intervention Mapping

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1. Needs assessment
2. matrices of change objectives
3. theory-based methods and practical strategies
4. Program
5. adoption and implementation
6. evaluation planning

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CDCynergy:

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A general methodology for health communication planning, a step by step guide, a reference library, and links to templates that allow tailored plans to be created. It uses 6 Phases:

1. Describe problem
2. analyze problem
3. plan intervention
4. develop intervention
5. plan evaluation
6. implement plan

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SMART: Social Marketing

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The application of commercial marketing technologies to the analysis, planning, execution, and evaluation of programs designed to influence the voluntary behavior of target audiences in order to improve their personal welfare and that of their society. 7 Phases

1. Preliminary planning
2. consumer analysis
3. market analysis
4. channel analysis
5. develop intervention, material, and pretest
6. implementation
7. evaluation

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(MAPP) Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships.

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1. Organizing for success and partnership development
2. Visioning
3. Four MAPP assessments
4. Identify strategic issues
5. Formulate goals and strategies
6. The action cycle

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Health Belief Model (HBM)

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Addresses the individuals perceptions of the threat poses by a health problem (susceptibility, severity), the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the decision to act (barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy)

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Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

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the individuals "intention" to perform a given behavior is a function of their attitude toward performing the behavior, their beliefs about what is relevant, what others think they should do, and their perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior.

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Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

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Precontemplation stage
contemplation stage
preparation stage
action stage
maintenance stage
termination

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Continuum theories

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those behavior change theories that identify variables that influence actions and combine them into a single equation that predicts the likelihood of action.

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Stage Theories

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those behavior change theories that comprise an ordered set of categories into which people can be classified, and for which factors could be identified that could induce movement from one category to the next.