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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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first NT to be discovered?
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Ach
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Ach is involved in which CNS processes?
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learning, memory, cognition, arousal, attention
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Which area's/pathways degenerate in Alzheimer's disease?
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Cholinergic pathways from Nucleus basalis of Meynert, septum to cerebral cortex and hippocampus
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Cholinergic neurons help balance and interact w/ what other neurons?
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Dopamine neurons in the corpus striatum
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Cholinergic Rc's indicated in Schizophrenia?
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M4
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Excitatory Cholinergic Rc's?
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M1, widely distributed, activate PLC to increase IP3 and DAG
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Muscarinic Rc's primarily in Hippocampus and cortex?
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M2
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M2 Rc excitatory or inhibitory?
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Inhibitory, decrease cAMP, increase K conductance
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Nicotinic Rc's are coupled to what channels? Excitatory or Inhibitory?
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linked to Na channels, Excitatory
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drugs that affect cholinergic functioning in the brain?
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nicotine
muscarinic Rc antagonists cholinesterase Inhibitors |
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Excitatory Cholinergic Rc's?
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M1, widely distributed, activate PLC to increase IP3 and DAG
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Muscarinic Rc's primarily in Hippocampus and cortex?
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M2
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M2 Rc excitatory or inhibitory?
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Inhibitory, decrease cAMP, increase K conductance
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Nicotinic Rc's are coupled to what channels? Excitatory or Inhibitory?
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linked to Na channels, Excitatory
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drugs that affect cholinergic functioning in the brain?
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nicotine
muscarinic Rc antagonists cholinesterase Inhibitors |
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Ach cell body location?
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located at all levels, short/long axons
Motoneuron-Renshaw cell synapse |
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M1 Rc's antagonists?
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pirenzepine, atropine
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M1 Rc activity
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excitatory; decrease K conductance, inc IP3/DAG
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M2 Rc antagonists?
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atropine
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M2 Rc activity
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Inhibitory; inc K conductance, dec cAMP
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Nictonic Rc activity
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Excitatory; inc cation conductance
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precursor to NEPi?
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Dopamine
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which dopaminergic system is involved in movement?
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nigro-striatal
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causes Parkinsons disease
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degeneration of the nigro-striatal system
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dopamine overabundance causes Sx's of?
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Schizophrenia
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what NT plays a role in addiction?
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dopamine
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what dopaminergic pathways play a role in addiction?
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ventral tegmental area to the NA/prefrontal cortex
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what classes of drugs affect dopamine?
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anti-psychotic's
anti-Parkinson's some anti-depressants |
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characteristics of all dopamine Rc subtypes
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all are metabotropic and inhibitory
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D1 Rc characteristics
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probably inhibitory
DO inc cAMP though |
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D2 Rc characteristics
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inhibitory
presynaptic: dec Ca influx postsynaptic: dec cAMP, inc K conductance via Gi |
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location of dopamine cell bodies
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cell bodies at all levels
short, med, long axons |
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D1 Rc antagonist
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phenothiazines
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D2 Rc antagonist
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phenothiazines
haloperidol |
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NE cell bodies located in?
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locus coeruleus, reticular formation
project widely throughout brain |
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NT indicated in anxiety?
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NE
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depletion results in depression
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NE
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NE descending pathways involved in
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pain regulation
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NT indicated in enhancing excitatory input for which CNS processes?
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attention, arousal
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alpha 1 Rc's
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excitatory
activate PLC inc IP3/DAG |
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alpha 2 Rc's
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inhibitory
presynaptic: dec Ca influx postsynaptic: inc K conductance, dec cAMP |
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Beta 1 Rc's
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wide distribution
inc cAMP dec K conductance |
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Beta 2 Rc's
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in CEREBELLUM
inc cAMP |
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inhibits NE re-uptake
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cocaine
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causes NE release
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amphetamines
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inhibit NE re-uptake transporter
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anti-depressants
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alpha 1 Rc antagonists
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prazosin
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Alpha 1 Rc characteristics
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excitatory
dec K conductance inc IP3/DAG |
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alpha 2 Rc antagonists
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clonidiine
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alpha 2 Rc characteristics
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inhibitory pre & post synaptic
pre: dec Ca conductance post: inc K conductance, dec cAMP |
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Beta 1 Rc antagonist
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propanolol
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Beta 1 Rc characteristics
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excitatory
dec K conductance, inc cAMP |
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Beta 2 Rc antagonists
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propanolol
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Beta 2 Rc characteristics
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inhibitory
inc electrogenic Na pump |
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5-HT neurons project from where to where?
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project from raphe nucleus to limbic system and cerebral cortex
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altered serotonergic implicated in
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depression, anxiety
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seretonin promotes/implicated in what processes?
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sleep
OCD regulating appetite body temp neuroendocrine release |
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5-Ht1a Rc characteristics
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inhibitory
inc K conductance, cause hyperpolarization=similar to GABA |
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5-HT2a Rc characteristics
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excitatory
inc IP3/DAG dec K conductance |
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5-HT2a Rc's implicated in which disease?
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Schizophrenia
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5-HT3 Rc characteristics
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excitatory
Ligand gated inc Cation conductance |
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5-HT3 Rc involved in what process?
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nausea
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5-HT4 Rc characteristics
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excitatory
dec K conductance |
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seretonin cell bodies located where?
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in pons, midbrain
project to all levels |
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5-HT1a partial agonist
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buspirone
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5-HT4 Rc characteristics
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excitatory
dec K conductance |
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5-HT1a Rc partial agonist
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buspirone
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5-HT2a Rc antagonists
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clozapine
risperidone olanzapine |
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5-HT3 Rc antagonist
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ondansetron
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major inhibitory amino acid NT?
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GABA
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GABA distribution
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wide distribution in brain and spinal cord
interneurons |
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GABAa Rc
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ionotropic
5 subunits, ligand gated inc Cl conductance inhibits neuronal activity |
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site of action of Barbituates, Benzo's and alcohol?
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GABAa Rc
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enhancement of GABA activity relieves what?
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anxiety
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inhibition of GABA Rc's does what?
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produces seizures
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GABAb Rc characteristics
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inhibitory
GPCR, either dec Ca conductance or inc K conductance |
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GABAb Rc's activated by?
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baclofen
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fast and slow component's of IPSP's due to activation of which Rc's, respectively?
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GABAa then GABAb
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GABAa Rc's facilitated by?
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benzo's and zolpidem
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Major excitatory amino acid NT?
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Glutamate
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Glutamate Ionotropic Rc's
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excitatory
inc Cation conductance three subtypes: NMDA--inc Na/Ca influx, AMPA, Kainic Acid Rc |
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Glutamate Metabotropic Rc's
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either inhibitory (pre synaptic) by dec Ca/cAMP or excitatory by dec K conductance/inc IP3/DAG
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almost all neurons contain what type of Glutamate Rc's?
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AMPA, NMDA
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what Glutamate Rc's are found in the hippocampus, cerebellum and spinal cord?
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Kainic acid Rc's
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how NMDA Rc works
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permeable to Ca, Na and K
requires binding of Glycine to a modulatory site to function normally blocked by Mg until cell depol's, then the channel opens |
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NMDA Rc involved in what CNS processes?
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learning, memory, Long term potentiation (LTP)
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what is the mechanism for LTP?
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NMDA Rc channel opens
influx of Ca produces long lasting enhancement of synaptic strength lasting for hours to days |
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excess glutamate and NMDA activity results in
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seizures
neurotoxicity after stroke/ischemia |
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what is another excitatory amino acid NT that acts on the NMDA Rc
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aspartate
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NMDA subtype antagonists
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phencyclidine
ketamine memantine |
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metabotropic Glutamate Rc subtype characteristics
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(presynaptic) inhibitory: dec Ca conductance, dec cAMP
(postsynaptic) excitatory: dec K conductance, inc IP3/DAG |
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Inhibitory NT in brain stem/interneurons in SC?
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Glycine
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Glycine Rc characteristics
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inhibitory
inc Cl conductance a single subtype |
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will block Glycine Rc's and cause convulsions
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strychnine
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Beta endorphins stimulate
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mu Rc
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Enkephalin stimulates
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delta Rc
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Dynorphin stimulates
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kappa Rc
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release in unmyelinated sensory fibers in repsonse to painful stimulation
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sub P
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inhibits the release of sub P and decreases local pain
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capsaicin
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other neuropeptides
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neurotensin
SS VIP NPY thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
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Cannabinoids
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Detla-tetrahydrocannabinol acts on specific cannabinoid Rc in brain
ligands for Rc are endogenous affect memory, cognition, pain perception modulate NT release |
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NO Synthase activated by?
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calcium-calmodulin, or
stimulation of NMDA Rc |
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endogenous cannabinoid's
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syn/released postynaptically after membrane depol
travel retrograde and act presynaptically, dec NT release |
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which NT doesn't change membrane excitability by decreasing K conductance?
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dopamine
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which Rc shares the same K channel as the 5-HT1a Rc?
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GABAb Rc
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metabotropic Rc's inhibit the influx of what presynaptically?
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calcium
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