Intro To Clin Lab Med

Front 1

wellness screening tests

Back 1

things that we screen for that are very common in the pop, not $$, and there is a treatment for; ex. PSA’s (for older men), total cholesterol, lead level; done as a baseline for their particular age, gener etc.

Front 2

disease screening tests

Back 2

when you have something in mind; ex. They have the ssx for pneumonia (will do most of the time)

Front 3

how do i know what tests to order

Back 3

1. reccomendatiosn
2. require evaluation and revision
3. availability
4. cost
5. ethical and legal implications
6. techinical validity: acuracy and precision
6. diagnostic value: sensititivty, specificity, positive-predictive value, negative predictive value

Front 4

accuracy

Back 4

o How close the test result is to the true value (to the target) of the substance being measured
o Routinely monitored with a “control specimen” (control-substance that is man made and has a certain amt of substances in it)

Front 5

precision

Back 5

o How close together repeat measurements of a substance are in the same sample

Front 6

true and false positives, true and false negatives

Back 6

TP: with disease test +
TN: without disease test -
FP: without disease test +
FN: with disease test -

Front 7

sensitivity

Back 7

-Proportion of those with disease that test positive
-Ability of a test to correctly identify an individual who truly have a disease; ability of a test to show true positives
-sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN) x 100
(higher the numerator, higher the sensitivity)

Front 8

SNOUT

Back 8

-When using a test with a high sensitivity, a NEGATIVE result rules OUT the diagnosis

Front 9

specificity

Back 9

-Proportion of those without disease that test negative (have true negatives)
-o In a test with a high specificity you have a low false positive rate so you can trust that your negative is a negative
-specificity = TN / (TN + FP) x 100

Front 10

SPIN

Back 10

-When using a test with high specificity, a POSITIVE result rules IN the diagnosis

Front 11

positive predictive value (PPV)

Back 11

-Dependant on prevalence (more people with a disease in a particular population) of disease in the population or community
-varies with age, gender, geographic location
-*the higher the sen the higher the spe the higher the prevalen the higher the PPV will be!

Front 12

negative predictive value

Back 12

-Probability of a disease being absent if the test is negative
-Dependant on prevalence of disease in the population or community
-The more rare a disease, the higher the NPV
-varies with age, gender, location

Front 13

quantitative

Back 13

-present or absent
-reported as positive or negative
-no number
ex. preg test

Front 14

quantitative

Back 14

-a.Specific concentration of analyte is measured and reported with reference range
b.Results reported as a numerical value
c.Result may indicate severity or stage of condition

Front 15

semi-quantitative

Back 15

-results reported as number but not exact concentration (ex 1+)
-ex. urine dipsticks

Front 16

stat

Back 16

results needed immediately

Front 17

profile/panel

Back 17

a.Multi-test measurements
b.Organ specific or instrument specific battery of tests
i.Liver function profile
ii.SMA 18
iii.Chem profile
c.Complete blood count (CBC)
d.Good concept but be weary of content (don’t order a panel if you don’t need it)

Front 18

point of care testing

Back 18

- bring lab testing to the pt
-results quick

Front 19

reference range

Back 19

-took a lot of people and did a test on them and come up with a mean number and if you go 2 standard deviations out
-not all created equal
-"normal range" - established for most analytes used for clinical interpretation
-results that fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean for sample population

Front 20

panic or critical values

Back 20

oTest results significantly below or above reference range
oIndicates potential life threatening conditions
oImmediate verbal notification to health care provider

Front 21

pre-analytical factors

Back 21

-most common
-occurs between the time test was order and time specimen was collected
-ex: completeness of pt info, ordering process, pt prep, physiologic variation, collection procedure, speicimen quality, specimen transport, handling and storage, speed of delivery

Front 22

analytical factors

Back 22

- occur during testing of the specimen
ex: instrumentation mantenance and operation, test reagents and supplies, specimen error,type of method etc.

Front 23

post analytical factors

Back 23

-b/t time of testing and reporting of results
-o Calculation, report timeliness, written/oral communication, reference range, method of reporting, transcription, confidentiality

Front 24

serum

Back 24

oYellow portion of blood at top of clotted and centrifuged plain red top or SST tube
oDOES NOT contain fibrinogen, factor V or VIII and prothrombin (clotting factors)
oNo anticoagulant in specimen

Front 25

plasma

Back 25

oYellow portion of blood at top of centrifuged anticoagulated whole blood
oCONTAINS fibrinogen and other clotting factors