Intro To Child Psych Exam 1

Front 1

Preformationism

Back 1

Children are preformed adults in the womb

Front 2

Maturation

Back 2

Children came w/ predetermined notion and skills
Education should be an unfolding of talent
Ex: “self paced education”
“Gently Unfolding not molding the miracle that is your child”

Front 3

Noble Savages

Back 3

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
People before civilization were believed to be inherently good
Morally we were better off as primitive beings
You should guide children, not beat them
Rousseau advocated more humane education

Front 4

Tabula Rasa

Back 4

--John Locke, British Empiricist:
Knowledge based on experience

Front 5

Right of empowerment

Back 5

the right of expression

Front 6

Right of Protection

Back 6

the right to be protected from harm

Front 7

Organismic View

Back 7

People say Children are actively seeking development
They themselves are responsible for the speed, depth of development

Front 8

Mechanistic

Back 8

If you set up an environment a particular way it causes changes in the particular child, whether the child wants it or not.

Front 9

Qualitative Change

Back 9

Each stage is different from the next. Ex: reasoning of a 2 yr old vs yourself
Development has “stages” in which development increases at a more rapid rate than normal, graph would be a bunch of bumps

Front 10

Quantitiative Change

Back 10

Small increments define the development of a child. Graph is somewhat a straight line.

Front 11

Microsystem

Back 11

The immediate things around the child

Front 12

Exosystem

Back 12

Outside stuff that interacts with Mesosystem

Front 13

Mesosystem

Back 13

How the microsystem interacts with each other

Front 14

Macrosystem

Back 14

General Cultural beliefs

Front 15

Normative Development

Back 15

How children develop as a whole

Front 16

Idiographic Development

Back 16

How children develop individually

Front 17

Theory

Back 17

an overarching set of assumptions & explanations which helps to guide research

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Hypothesis

Back 18

a testable prediction

Front 19

Two-Tailed Hypothesis

Back 19

You’re saying there will be a difference between two groups. If you’re starting research in an area, then this would be the best option.

Front 20

T or F
Centaurea toxicosis in horses
is fatal and irreversible.
Where does Centaurea come from?

Back 20

True
Yellow Star Thistle.
Equine Nigropalladial Encephalomalacia

Front 21

Operational Definition

Back 21

measurable behaviors used, for the purposes of that experiment, to define some concept/variable

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Population

Back 22

A group of people you're testing about

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Sampling

Back 23

A group of people whom you are testing

Front 24

Random Sampling

Back 24

Gold standard would be the random sampling, drawn out of ALL possible applicants.

Front 25

Descriptional Research

Back 25

CANNOT infer cause-effect
You are not doing anything to alter behavior.
*No manipulation of variables

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Naturalistic Observation

Back 26

1. Natural setting

2. Non-intervention
. Systematic observation

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Case study

Back 27

1. Intensive study of 1 or several subjects
It’s a very personalized account and usually sparks ideas for other researchers. The disadvantage to case studies is that they are not usually representative of the entire population.
2. Results may not be generalizable to others in the population

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Survey

Back 28

1. Set of questions asked verbally or written
Not popular among children because they can’t answer your questions, can’t figure out what you’re asking, or they try to figure out what you want the answer to be.
2. People may try to project a positive image at expense of the truth, or
may unreliably predict their own behavior

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Correlational Research

Back 29

1. Assesses the relationship between two (or more) variables

2. Data can be from an active study, or archival material (e.g., the U.S. Census)

3. Mathematical relation depicted through a Correlation Coefficient, which has 2 parts:

Front 30

Experimental

Back 30

*CAN infer cause-effect, because isolation of causal variables:
--manipulate potentially causal variables

--control potentially confounding variables

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Cause-Effect Relationship

Back 31

Something initiates something else

Front 32

Subject Variables

Back 32

any traits, variables that an individual brings to the experiment, e.g., sex, birth order placement, I.Q., had a working mother

Front 33

Confounding Variable

Back 33

any variables which, because of poor research design, or insufficient control, may alter results

Front 34

Between Subject Design

Back 34

Experimental vs. Control groups

--random/unbiased assignment into groups
If we number off 1 and 2 it is NOT random but unbiased

Front 35

Within Subject Design

Back 35

all subjects receive all conditions
Good if subject traits are so strong that they can throw off an experiment
--counterbalance

Front 36

Counterbalance

Back 36

You do this to reduce practice and fatigue effects

Front 37

Field Experiments

Back 37

Exactly the same as lab experiments, but conducted in the a natural setting

Front 38

Quasi-Experimental Research

Back 38

cannot manipulate “independent” variable because of ethical or practical concerns

Front 39

Longitudinal Research

Back 39

same subjects studied over a period of time (even years)

Front 40

Cross-Sectional Research

Back 40

Different age groups (or cohorts) are
compared on some behavior

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Cohorts

Back 41

Different age groups

Front 42

Sequential Research

Back 42

Combination of longitudinal & cross-sectional
techniques used--several cohorts also studied longitudinally

Front 43

Chromosome

Back 43

colored bodies" carrying genetics material contained in the nucleus of all cells except red blood cells

Front 44

Genes

Back 44

multiple genes per chromosome; most genes lead to production of some protein

Front 45

DNA

Back 45

genes differ in length of the segments

Front 46

Nucleotides

Back 46

(nitrogen-based molecules) attached to the sugar units of the sides:

Front 47

Alleles

Back 47

the different forms/versions of each gene

Front 48

Crossing Over

Back 48

pairs of chromosomes exchange corresponding
segments to create new genetic combinations

Front 49

PKU or Phenlyketonuria

Back 49

Autosomal Recessive
lack the ability for the liver to produce the enzyme
phenylalanine hydroxylase, that converts a
amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine. Tyrosine is
then used to produce things like dopamine

toxic excess of phenylalanine builds up in nervous
system, leading to symptoms by 3-5 months; death
by age 4 if dietary restrictions not taken

Front 50

Galactosemia

Back 50

Autosomal Recessive
lack enzyme to convert galactose (from lactose in
milk) into glucose. Buildup in tissues causes mental
retardation, cataracts, enlarged liver, & kidney failure

Detection prenatally + newborn

Three places on three chromosomes where it could take place

Front 51

Cystic Fibrosis

Back 51

Autosomal Recessive
most common genetic disease among Caucasian
(1 in 3000; 4-5% of Americans are carriers; caused by
alteration in a single nucleotide, or one letter error)

respiratory tract becomes clogged with mucus,
increases risk of infection (death by mid-20s)

secretions also obstruct pancreas, leading to dietary
problems; inability to gain weight, unable to absorb fats

salty tasting skin

It interferes with the chloride flowing through the cell channels

Front 52

Fragile X Syndrome

Back 52

Sex Linked X Gene

a genetic disorder resulting in multiplication
of part of genetic code, resulting in a “pinched” long leg on the X-chromosome
-on long arm of X, the triplet CAG replicated 20-30 times

-most common genetic form of mental retardation

-facial deformities (large ears, prominent jaw, long
narrow face), and large testes in males

-affected females may show reduced intelligence, though
most are normal

-possible link to infantile autism

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Down Syndrome

Back 53

Trisomy 21
--Physical features: ipicanthal fold of eye, flattened facial features, poor muscle tone, short stature, and short broad hands with an unusual crease in palms; excess skin on back of neck

--Internal traits: congenital heart defects, cataracts/visual impairments, deficiencies in immune system leading to susceptibility to infection and leukemia

--Shortened life expectancy; those who live to over 35 typically develop the same neuro-physiological and -psychological symptoms as Alzheimer's patients

--Cause: failure of chromosome 2l to segregate during meiosis. Down's syndrome children show a mosaicism--extra chromosomal material appears in only some cells; degree of impairment related to number of cells affected.

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Edward's Syndrome

Back 54

Trisomy 18
--Incidence: 1/5000-6000 live births; predominantly females

--80-90% mortality rate by age 2

--Severe mental retardation; elfin facial features (small nose &
mouth, receding chin, abnormal ears); hearing loss; seizures;
hypoglycemia

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Patau Syndrome

Back 55

Trisomy 13
--Incidence: 1/20,000 live births

--High mortality rate in 1st year

--Cleft lip & palate; congenital heart defects; polydactyl; severe
mental retardation

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Cri Du Chat

Back 56

Missing arm of chromsome 5
Catlike cry; microencephaly; congenital heart disease; severe
mental retardation; may be missing kidney/s; sensitivity to loud
noises; low birth weight, partial webbing of fingers or toes

--later, protuding teeth (normal sized teeth in small head);
curvature of spine; developmental & language delays;
possibly self-mutilation & rocking

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Turner's Syndrome

Back 57

XO

May not be detected until puberty, when secondary sex
characteristics & menstruation do not develop.

--Ovaries do not develop prenatally, the girls maintain a very
immature appearance: Short stature (57 inches average), a
webbed neck. Increased risk of fractures, stroke, diabetes, &
cardiovascular problems.

--Hormone therapy may increase height and induce menstruation;
occasionally pregnancy accomplished through in vitro fertilization.
--Intelligence is often near average, although with severe deficits in
spatial ability and directional sense (perhaps due to
smaller amounts of brain tissue—grey & white--in parietal lobes).

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Kleinfelter's Syndrome

Back 58

XXY
absence of development of male secondary sex characteristics
(facial hair, deepening voice, increased muscle structure) at
puberty.
Underdeveloped testes & sterile (may institute hormone therapy);
Female-like fat distribution, and potential breast development at
puberty

--Tall, and tend to be overweight.

--Cognitive deficits: expressive language delays in
development, poor auditory STM, reading difficulties, about 20%
have mild to moderate retardation

--self-esteem problems; prefer quieter pursuits

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Triple/Quad Screen Test

Back 59

Alpha-feta protein (AFP from fetal liver)

Estriol (uE3) ( a kind of estrogen)

hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin) is produced by the
baby becoming implanted and the placenta development

(inhibin A--increases detection of Down’s, produced from
Fetus and placenta)

Front 60

Alpha Feta Protein

Back 60

--high levels may indicate neural tube
defect (or baby is older than thought, or (!) twins).
75-85% detection

Front 61

hCG

Back 61

high levels of hCG, with low levels of estriol & AFP, indicate
elevated risk for Down’s Syndrome.
60% detection in women < 35; 75% in women > 35

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Estriol

Back 62

A kind of estrogen

Front 63

inhibinA

Back 63

increases detection of Down’s, produced from
Fetus and placenta)

Front 64

Ultrasound

Back 64

a STRUCTURAL measure used to monitor fetal growth,
estimate gestational age, detect multiple pregnancies, depict
placement of placenta, and detect gross structural
abnormalities.

Front 65

Chorionic Villa Sampling

Back 65

--Chorion is the fetal membrane that will form the fetal side of
the placenta

--a tissue sample is removed from chorion by pushing narrow
needle in 15-20 times

Front 66

Amniocentesis

Back 66

Fetal cells are extracted from the amniotic fluid and cultured
for chromosome/genetic analysis

Front 67

FSH or Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Back 67

This seems to be critical in selecting only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation.

Front 68

LH or Luteinizing Hormone

Back 68

causes follicle to enlarge and ruptures to release egg cell (ovulation

Front 69

Fallopian Tubes

Back 69

egg cell is fertilized in here

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Hyperstimulation of Egg

Back 70

. Follicle Stimulating Hormone to overstimulate egg production

Front 71

Artificial Insemination

Back 71

putting semen in Uterus

Front 72

GIFT (Gamete intra-Fallopian transfer):

Back 72

egg/s harvested & sperm inserted into fallopian tubes directly; higher implantation rate— 40-50%

Front 73

In Vitro Fertilization

Back 73

The eggs are harvested from mother or a donor, then:
a. fertilized in Petri dish: implantation is the big problem; implantation rate still only 15% per trial

Front 74

ZIFT: Zygote intra-Fallopian transfer

Back 74

is a technique that fertilizes egg in lab dish & then inserting zygote into Fallopian tube for more normal implantation (40-50% success)

Front 75

Conception

Back 75

Where sperm meets egg

Front 76

Estrogen

Back 76

and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle.

Front 77

Progesterone

Back 77

converts the endometrium to its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation

Front 78

Zygote

Back 78

two gametes combined together

Front 79

Morula

Back 79

A morula (Latin "morus", mulberry) is an embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida.

Front 80

Blastocyst

Back 80

is a structure formed in the early embryogenesis of mammals, after the formation of the morula.

Front 81

Embryo

Back 81

2-8 weeks A child at

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Fetus

Back 82

9-38 weeks (40 medical weeks)

Front 83

Cell Differentiation

Back 83

Day 14 Different kinds of cells are created

Front 84

Organogenesis

Back 84

development of organs

Front 85

Amniotic Fluid

Back 85

produced by mother at first, baby urinates into it
-keeps some body parts from fusing, cushions baby, keeps it warm
-peeing into it helps the baby get its digestive and urinary system
started

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Chorion

Back 86

allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood.

Front 87

Neural Tube

Back 87

is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a

Front 88

Placenta

Back 88

is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply

Front 89

Sex Differentiation

Back 89

males start around 7-8 weeks, females start 11-12

Front 90

Genital Tubercle

Back 90

becomes penis and clitoris
Sexual Analogs

Front 91

Labioscrotal Swellings

Back 91

* In the female, they become the posterior labial commissure. The sides of the genital tubercle grow backward as the tubercle itself becomes the mons pubis. In contrast, the labia minora are formed by the urogenital folds [1]
* In the male, they become the scrotum.

Front 92

Urethrolabial folds

Back 92

becomes supporting structures of Reproductive system

Front 93

Eve Principle

Back 93

default position is to have female external
genitalia b/c absence of androgens

Front 94

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Back 94

Genotypic males that are female phenotypically

Front 95

Myelination

Back 95

speeds up messages, and convolutions increase
brain growth

Front 96

Spina Bifida

Back 96

is a developmental birth defect caused by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube.

Front 97

Thalidomyde

Back 97

 blocks growth of blood vessels to parts of body undergoing rapid growth
Flipper hands and feet
 flipperlike arms (phocomelia) & legs
 heart defects
 eye, ear, facial deformities
 kidney & intestinal problems
 urogenital problems
 40% mortality rate
 5% of survivors were diagnosed autistic

Front 98

Alcohol Fetal Alchohol Syndrome

Back 98

 Microencephaly & mental retardation
 Facial & ear deformities
 Stunted growth & Low Birth Weight
 Deformed & webbed fingers and toes
 Heart and kidney defects
 Abnormal curvature of the spine
 Deformed sternum and ribs

Front 99

Caffeine

Back 99

low birth weight, prematurity, cleft palate

 lower doses do increase heart rate & activity level of fetus

Front 100

Aspirin

Back 100

 Risk of low birth weight (especially when taken in last trimester)

 Increases risk of hemorrhaging late in pregnancy or during birth

Front 101

Marijuana

Back 101

 Reduces fertility in men & women; increases abnormal sperm

 THC is fat-soluble; crosses placenta & is stored in amniotic fluid. Can be passed on in breastmilk

 Previously used to speed up labor; is associated with spontaneous abortion & slow embryo growth in early stages of pregnancy

 Linked to prematurity & low birth weight when used in later stages of pregnancy

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Cocaine

Back 102

Microencephaly & brain damage
-Kidney & urogenital malformations
-low birth weight
-increased risk of STROKE (+ in utero)
-miscarriage; placenta abruptio
Constricts blood vessels

Front 103

Heroine and Morphine

Back 103

have a characteristic shrill cry

Front 104

DES (Diethylstilbestrol)

Back 104

 An Artificial form of estrogen given to women 1930-1970 to prevent miscarriages

 increased risk of rare vaginal cancer and vaginal, cervical malformations in daughters

 increased risk of testicular cancer in sons

 --fertility problems in both male & female progeny

Front 105

Rubella

Back 105

 Crosses Placenta

 Stops cells from replicating, leading to malformation of heart & eyes

 Affects immune system. Immune response leads to tissue damage affecting auditory nerves, brain, scarring of heart/arterial walls
 Microencephaly & Brain Damage
 Cataracts & Glaucoma
 Hearing Loss
 Heart Malformations
 Live vaccine; vaccinations should precede pregnancy by at least 3 months

Epidemic of 1963-1965: 20,000 fetal deaths & 30,000 birth defects

Started coming back b/c people are getting scared of MMR vaccine b/c people think it causes autism

Front 106

Toxoplasmosis

Back 106

 caused by parasite gondhi, in cat feces or undercooked meat
 worst in tropical climates (1/3 of us already have antibodies)
 ear, heart, eye, CNS defects; jaundice; neuromuscular abnormalities
 Miscarriage
 Intracranial Calcification
 Chorioretinitis
 Possible link to Schizophrenia later in life

Front 107

RH imcompatability

Back 107

 When mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+, mother may form antibodies against fetus

 Rh immune-globulin (Rhogam) shot given at 28 weeks, after birth, and after amniocentesis to prevent development of antibodies

Front 108

Cytomegalovirus

Back 108

 A virus in Herpes group

 Up to 90% of children in day cares have had exposure; passed on by body fluids (including breastmilk)

 causes mono-type symptoms & swollen glands in mother
 Microencephaly & Mental Retardation
 Cerebral Palsy
 Hydrocephaly & Brain Calcification
 Progressive Hearing Loss
 Visual Impairments & Retinitis
 Jaundice
 Skin & Dental Disorders

Front 109

Herpes

Back 109

 risk is greatest if infant passes through birth canal in which mother has active sores (Caesarian recommended)

 can lead to serious inflammation of brain & spinal cord (disseminated herpes), skin lesions, eye infections, enlarged liver & jaundice, breathing difficulties

Front 110

AIDS

Back 110

 Exposure early in pregnancy results in brain & nerve damage, facial deformities (e.g., boxlike forehead)

 Drug treatment during pregnancy reduces risk of transmission to fetus or infant

 Risk of transmission is greatest during delivery & during breast-feeding

Front 111

Gonorrhea

Back 111

 all infants treated with silver nitrate drops to prevent blindness from gonorrhea

Front 112

Syphilis

Back 112

 Early infection results in spontaneous abortion, or small-for-age infants with liver & spleen malformations

 Late infection leads to nerve deafness, dental & bone abnormalities, heart defects, & skin lesions

Front 113

Radiation

Back 113

 Microencephaly & mental retardation (in early fetal period)
 Hydrocephaly
 Microphthalmia, retina problems & cataracts
 Skeletal, visceral, & genital abnormalities
 Growth retardation (esp. 2nd trimester exposure)
 Miscarriage & Fetal death
 Affects thyroid
 Higher incidence of leukemia


 Increase in Down’s Syndrome (in Germany & Sweden) and childhood leukemia (Sweden) after Chernobyl disaster
 May cause DNA damage in germ cells of fetus
 Higher rates of infertility in offspring

Front 114

Mercury

Back 114

 Pregnant women advised not to eat swordfish, king mackerel, shark, or tilefish (possibly also tuna)
 Methyl mercury crosses placenta & accumulates in fetal tissues
 Binds to & alters configuration of DNA & RNA
 Minimata syndrome: Growth retardation & neurological disorders
 Is a Neurotoxin (“Mad Hatter’s Disease”)
-dementia etc.
 Exposure:
 Fish & foods
 Dental fillings (Amalgam)
 Release is worsened by gum chewing
 Coal burning
 Some vaccinations & flu shots (thimerosol-a Mercury derivative)

Front 115

PCBs (Polycholorinate Biphenals)

Back 115

 Chemicals with good electric insulation properties, used in motors, lubricating oils, varnishes, bread wrappers, flame retardants, fluorescent lights, etc.

 Fat soluble; do not readily degrade
 Most exposure is from food chain
 Lower birth weight
 Affect motor skills, STM

Front 116

Lead

Back 116

 A neurotoxin
 Increases Miscarriages

 Exposure from
 Foods, beverages, Calcium supplements
 Industrial exposure
 Air pollution from car exhaust
 Lead paint