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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
All life descends from |
One common ancestor |
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how long ago was the common ancestor? |
4 billion years ago |
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characteristics of life |
Homeostasis Consists of one or more cells Able to grow and reproduce Extracts molecules from the environment Has genetic information |
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What two acids played critical roles in evolution |
nucleic acids and fatty acids |
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what is metabolism? |
An energy transformer |
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what is aerobic metabolism? |
A biochemical process that uses oxygen to extract energy from nutrient molecules |
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Anaerobic metabolism |
does not use oxygen |
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Four building blocks of DNA are |
A, T, C, G |
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A goes to |
T with a double H bond |
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C goes to |
G with a triple H bond |
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What are two exceptions to the common characteristics of life? |
viruses and seeds |
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Cell theory is |
Cells are the building blocks of all living things. Cells make up everything. Cells come from preexisting cells. All cells have a similar chemical composition. DNA is completely replicated and passed down to a daughter cell. |
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Artificial selection |
Humans select for characteristics they want to breed |
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Natural selection |
occurs in nature by the fittest |
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difference between theistic evolution and intelligent design |
Theistic evolution: God creates a plan and evolution and lets everything go on its own Intelligent design: creationism |
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endosymbiosis |
a bigger cell engulfs a smaller cell |
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what two organelles come from endosymbiosis? |
chloroplast and mitochondria |
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what is the outermost shell of an atom called? |
valence shell |
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If a shell is nonreactive, that means |
all of the electrons are paired |
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explain covalent bonds |
Atoms share electrons, hard to break, two kinds |
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What are the two types of covalent bonds? Explain them |
Non Polar: two of the same kind of atom (equal electro negativity) Polar: Atoms of unequal electronegativity |
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Ionic bonds |
Complete transfer of electrons due to extreme differences in electronegativity |
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Positive ions and negative ions are called |
Positive: cation Negative: anion |
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some properties of water are |
Polar Can form hydrogen bonds More dense in liquid form Requires lots of energy to melt and freeze High heat capacity Has surface tension due to cohesion |
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PH equal to 7 pH less than 7 pH greater than 7 |
Neutral Acidic Basic |
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explain hydrogen bonds |
Bonds between Hydrogens in a polar bond and something else in a polar bond |
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Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic |
Hydrophilic- Can form polar bonds (water loving) Hydrophobic- Can't form polar bonds (water hating) |
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3 macromolecules |
carbs, lipids, proteins |
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explain carbs |
One is monosaccharide More than one polysaccharide Example glucose |
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explain proteins |
Made of amino acids Polypeptides |
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explain nucleic acids |
Made of nucleotides DNA and RNA |
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explain functional groups |
If it has a certain functional group the properties of that functional group will be present |
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how do you go from monomers to polymers? polymers to monomers? |
Condensation or dehydration reaction Hydrolysis (add water) |
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functions of proteins |
Transport things in and out of the cell Movement Enzymes Support Defense Protection |
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The function of a protein depends on what |
3D structure |
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how many amino acids are there? |
20 |
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how can you tell the difference between amino acids? |
their side chains |
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explain primary structure |
A normal zig zag Determined by the sequence of amino acids |
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what are the two types of secondary structure? |
Beta pleated sheet (accordion) Alpha helix (loop) |
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what does tertiary structure result in? |
A macromolecule with a specific 3D shape |
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describe quaternary structure |
Forms large proteins Ex. Hemoglobin |
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How can you denature a protein and what happens to it after its denatured (can it go back)? |
Irreversible High temps pH changes Radiation |
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Examples of polysaccharides (carbs) |
Starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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How do you form a glycosidic linkage? |
Bond monosaccharides together using condensation reactions |
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Starch stores energy in.. Glycogen stores energy in.. |
Plants Animals |
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Structure of a triglyceride |
Three fatty acids Glycerol Bonded with an ester bond |
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Explain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids |
Saturated: solid at room temp and easily organized Unsaturated: liquid at room temp and have kinks |
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Explain the central dogma |
DNA replicated itself DNA transcribes to RNA RNA translates to protein |
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What are nucleotides made of |
5 carbon sugar either deoxyribose or just ribose Nitrogen containing base Phosphate group |
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Differences between DNA and RNA |
DNA: double stranded, anti parallel, ATGC RNA: single stranded, AUCG |