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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epidemiology of Cardiovascular |
-Leading cause of death- Cardiovascular disease -Leading Cardiovascular disease- Ischemic heart disease -Most prevalent - Hypertension |
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Hypertension |
-Normal : 120/80 Pre HTN : 120-139 / 80-89 HTN 1 : 140-159 / 90-99 HTN 2 : >160 / >100
-Headache, dizziness, tinnitus, altered vision -Heart Kidney and Brain (target organs) |
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Hypertension etiologic factors |
-Increase sympathetic tone -Excessive Sodium Intake -Abnormal sodium metabolism -Less compliance -Endothelial dysfunction (NO) |
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Hypertension (heart) |
- Increase BP----> Increase LV load---> LV hypertrophy -----> Heart failure |
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Hypertension (vessels) |
-Prolonged arteriolar spasm and sclerosis----> Lumen narrowing---> Tissue ischemic----> sclerosis and atrophy-----> infarction
-Prolonged arteriolar spasm and sclerosis----> High BP----> Vessel wall injury----> Edema and hemorrhage |
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Atherosclerosis |
-Focal intimal accumulation of lipoproteins with formation of plaque (atheroma) -Central necrosis and peripheral fibrosis -Lumen narrowing -Aorta, coronary artery, cerebral artery, femoral artery, and popliteal artery
-Heart, brain, legs, small intestine |
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Atherosclerosis risk factors |
-Dyslipidemia - Increase LDL and cholesterol and decreased HDL -Smoking -Hypertension -Diabetes Mellitus |
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Stable plaque (AS) |
-Moderate/severe narrowing----> Chronic Ischemic----> Sclerosis and atrophy |
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Vulnerable plaque (AS) |
-Fibrous cap rupture and erosion---> Occlusive thrombosis---> Acute Ischemia/Infarction |
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Ischemic Heart disease |
-Myocardial oxygen demands exceed supply -Necrosis/Infarction
-Common Cause - Coronary Artery Disease and coronary heart disease |
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Stable Plaque (Ischemic) |
-Chronic Ischemic----> Chest pain(angina) ---->myocardial sclerosis and atrophy----> Chronic Ischemic heart disease |
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Vulnerable Plaque (Ischemic) |
-Acute ischemic---> Angina----> MI---> scar tissue---> Chronic ischemic heart disease |
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Stable angina |
-Chest pain 2-5 minutes -treat with nitroglycerine |
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Acute coronary Syndrome (Unstable angina) |
-Chest pain > 20 minutes -not alleviated with niroglycerine -MI |
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Other types of Ischemic Heart Disease |
-Chronic Ischemic Heart disease -Sudden Cardiac Death |
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Post-infarction Scar |
-Healing after Infarction with sclerosis fibrosis |
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Ischemic heart disease complications |
-Failure of cardiac LV pump function -Arrhythmias -Contractile dysfunction -Tamponade - LV wall Rupture (hemopericardium) |
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Failure of LV pump Function |
-Pulmonary Edema -Cardiogenic shock -Cardiac Arrest |
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Sudden cardiac death |
-Death within 1 hour of onset of cardiac symptoms
-Causes- Plaque (stable or unstable)
-Mechanism - Tachycardia, fibrillation
-Clinical appearance - Cardiac Arrest |
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Heart Failure syndrome |
-Forward failure - fails to eject blood -Backward failure - Fails to fill with blood
-Dyspnea,fatigue, chest pain, palpitations |
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Venous congestion |
-Pulmonary or peripheral edema |
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Heart failure mechanisms |
-Increase afterload -Reduce contractility -Reduce preload -Cardiac tamponade |
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Left sided heart failure |
-Pulmonary edema -Pleural effusion |
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Right sided heart failure |
-Peripheral edema -Peritoneal effusion -visceral organ change (nut meg liver) |
