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230 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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MI
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Myocardial Infarction
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CAD
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Coronary Artery Disease
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VSD
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Ventricular Septal Defect
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BP
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Blood Pressure
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ASD
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Atrial Septal Defect
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AO
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Aortic Opening
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RV
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Right Ventricle
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LV
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Left Ventricle
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IVS
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Interventricular Septum
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RA
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Right Atrium
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LA
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Left Atrium
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LAD
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Left Anterior Descending
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HR
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Heart Rate
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IVC
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Inferior Vena Cava
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SVC
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Superior Vena Cava
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CO
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Cardiac Output
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SV
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Stroke Volume
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AV
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Atrioventricular
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LBB
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Left Bundle Branch
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EKG
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Electrocardiogram
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CHF
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Congestive Heart Failure
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PA
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Pulmonary Artery
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PT
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Pulmonary Trunk
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PFO
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Patent Foramen Ovale
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SA Node
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Sinoatrial Node
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Left Ventricle
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Pumps blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
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Coronary Circulation
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Where the heart receives its blood supply
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Atrioventricular Node
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Found in the Right Atrium on the interatrial septum
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Endocardium
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The internal layer of cells lining the heart
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Depolarization
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Electrical systole
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Tricuspid Valve
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Separates Right Atria from Right Ventricle
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Mitral Valve
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Separates Left Atria from Left Ventricle
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Pulmonary Valve
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Separates Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Trunk
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Aortic Valve
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Separates Left Ventricle and Ascending Aorta
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QRS Complex
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Representative of ventricular depolarization
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P Wave
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Represents electrical impulses spreading through the atria
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Visceral Pericardium
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Outside layer of the heart wall
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SA Node
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Natural pacemaker of the heart
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Parietal Pericardium
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Double-walled, membranous sac enclosing the heart
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Papillary Muscles
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Extensions of myocardium
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Chorde Tendineae
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Strong fibrous strings attached to the cardiac leaflets
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Etiology
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The sum of knowledge about the case of a disease
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Palpation
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Examination by touch for diagnostic purposes
EX: BP or HR |
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Pulse
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The expansion and contraction of an artery that may be felt with the fingers
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Radial
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Thumb side of wrist; HR
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Brachial
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Inside of elbow area; BP
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Femoral
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Groin area
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Dorsalis Pedis
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Top of foot
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Carotid
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Anterior side of neck; CPR
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Stethoscope
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A device for listening to sounds within the body
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Auscultation
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The act of listening to sound within the body, usually with a stethoscope; Hear a Bruit or murmur
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Bruit
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A sound heard on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow in a BLOOD VESSEL; Can be caused by turbulent flow or when vessels start to curve.
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Murmur
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A abnormal HEART sound that is heard between the normal "lupp-dubb" heart sound; Turbulent flow in the heart or problem with valve.
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Heart Location
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Four chambered double pump
Bordered anteriorly by sternum Bordered posteriorly by vertebral column Between the lungs in the chest Less than a pound and approx. size of closed fist |
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Mediastinum
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Contains heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes
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Normal Heart Structure
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Shaped like a cone
Base refers to top; The Great Vessels Apex refers to bottom; tip of the LV Right sided structures anterior |
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Great Vessels
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Ascending Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk, Vena Cave
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Base of Heart
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Attached to great vessels
Lies beneath the second rib |
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Intercostal Space
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Space between ribs
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Apex of the Heart
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Point of the heart
Extends downward to the left Located at the 5th intercostal space |
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Septum
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Separates heart into Rt and Lt sides
Divided into two segments: Interatrial and Interventricular (Inter=between) |
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Interventricular Septum
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Thicker due to greater pressure of the ventricles.
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Trabeculae Carneae
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Only in ventricles; Thick muscular bands
A chord of tissue Supporting structure Contributes to formation of septum (Lt is smoother than Rt) |
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Atria or Atrium
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Have Rt and Lt upper chambers
Relatively thin walled Function as collecting; Loading chambers/receiving area (from body) |
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Right Atrium
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Collects deoxygenated blood returning from body
Contains: Coronary Sinus, Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Fossa Ovalis (Closed at birth) |
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Coronary Sinus
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Drains deoxygenated blood from the heart
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Inferior Vena Cava
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From lower body
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Superior Vena Cava
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From upper body
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Left Atrium
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Collects oxygenated blood returning from lungs
From Rt and Lt pulmonary veins |
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Ventricles
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Rt and Lt lower chambers
Pumping chamber; Work horse of heart Thicker walls- left>right; left has to pump farther Right pumps to lungs Left pumps to body |
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Papillary Muscles
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Finger like projections
Helps control tricuspid and mitral valve (AV valves) |
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Chordae Tendineae
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Strong, fibrous stings attached to cardiac valves and papillary muscles.
More in chordae tendineae |
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Tricuspid Valve
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Located between Rt atrium and ventricle
Three leaflets |
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Mitral Valve
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Bicuspid valve
Located between left atrium and ventricle Two leaflets |
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Valve Leaflets
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Help open/close valves
Each is attached at the annulus of fibrosis (stationary) and a papillary muscle (movable) |
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Pulmonary Valve
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Between Rt ventricle and pulmonary artery
Contains 3 cusp like leaflets Monitors outflow of blood between Rt ventricle and pulmonary artery |
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Aortic Valve
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Between Lt ventricle and aortic arch
Contains 3 cusp like leaflets; 2 of 3 are origins of coronary arteries (anterior: right & lateral: left) |
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Aortic Valve Open
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Systole
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Aortic Valve Closed
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Diastole
Coronary arteries get more blood flow |
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Cardiac Wall Layers
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Endocardium
Myocardium Epicardium |
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Endocardium
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Layer of smooth cells lining inner surface and cavities of heart and valves (endothelial cells)
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Myocardium
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Cardiac muscle responsible for heart contraction
Makes up bulk of heart Thin in atria, thicker in RV, thickest in LV |
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Epicardium
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Also called visceral pericardium
Thin, transparent, outer serous layer Protective covering of heart Part of pericardial sac (gives heart support) |
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Pericardium
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Parietal Pericardium; membranous sac enclosing the heart
Consists of 2 layers with small amount of fluid between them (reduces friction): Fibrous Pericardium (Outer) Serous Pericardium (Inner)-Secretes fluid, next to epicardium |
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Pericarditis
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Inflammation of pericardium
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Pericardial fluid
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50 mL (a little under 2 oz.)
Lies between Epicardium and Parietal Pericardium Lubricant to reduce friction |
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Pericardial Effusion
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Too much fluid in pericardial cavity
Can affect cardiac output |
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Cardiac Tamponade
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Way too much fluid in pericardial fluid
Affects whole cardiac conduction |
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Congenital Anomaly
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An abnormality present at birth
EX: Bicuspid Aortic Valve, Transposition of great vessels- on wrong side, ASD/VSD-hole in heart, coarchtation- narrowing of aorta, dexticardia- heart laying to the right side, failure of closure of foreman ovale or ductus arteriosus |
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Hemodynamics
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Study of the flow of blood and the forces involved
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Catheterization
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Process of examining the heart by means of introducing a catheter into a vein or artery and passing it into the heart
Through groin or radial arm |
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Echocardiography
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A diagnostic method by which pulses of sound are transmitted into the body and the echoes returning from the surfaces of the heart and other structures are electronically plotted and recorded.
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Pulmonary Circulation
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Flow of blood from right ventricle to lungs
Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen and returned to left atrium |
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Systemic Circulation
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Consists of blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back again
Leaves LV via arteries and returns to RA via veins |
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Right Coronary
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Feeds to the Right side of the heart:
RV, RA, Part of inferior LV, SA Node, AV Node |
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SA Node
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Natural Pacemaker
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AV Node
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Backup Pacemaker
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Left Coronary
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Also called Left Main Coronary
Divides into: Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Circumflex -If blocked, you block off everything to left side of the heart (All myocardium; is deadly) |
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Left Anterior Descending
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Feeds to the anterior and anterio-lateral parts of the LV reaching down to the apex
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Circumflex
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Posterio-lateral and posterior of the LV
-Feeds the back of the heart |
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Cardiac Cycle
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One total heartbeat, one complete contraction and relaxation of the heart
Consists of Systole and Diastole |
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Systole
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Contraction and pushing of blood out to the body
Period in which mechanical and electrical events of the heart are active Mechanical systole=contraction Electrical systole= involves depolarization |
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Diastole
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Relaxation of the heart, allowing expansion and refilling of the chambers
Period in which mechanical and electrical events of the heart are at rest Mechanical diastole=relaxation Electrical Diastole=involves repolarization |
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Atrial Systole
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Ventricles acquire blood as the atria contract
20-30% of LV volume |
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Ventricular Systole
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Contraction of the ventricles forces blood out the pulmonary artery and aorta
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Atrial Diastole
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The atria begin refilling during ventricular systole
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Ventricular Diastole
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Blood from the atria begins refilling the ventricles passively and finish during atrial systole
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Stoke Volume
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Amount of blood pumped out of the heart at each contraction
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Cardiac Output
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Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
Stroke Volume X Heart Rate |
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Peripheral Resistance
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Resistance offered by the arterioles and capillaries to the flow of blood from the arteries to the veins.
An increase in peripheral resistance causes a rise in BP |
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Conduction Pathways of the Heart
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Network of conducting tissue within the heart actually initiates each heartbeat and controls rhythm
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Sinoatrial Node
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SA Node
Natural Pacemaker Positioned in the high right atrium near the Superior Vena Cava Electrical impulses generated by SA Node at rate of 60-100 times per minute |
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Atrioventricular Node
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Pacemaking cells found in right atrium on interatrial septum near tricuspid valve
3 basic functions: Delay impulse and allow ventricles to fill (prevent racing heart) Protect ventricles from excessively fast heart rates that may originate in atrium (traffic control) Serve as pacemaker should the SA Node fail (back-up) |
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AV Bundle
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Bundle of His
Fibers within interventricular septum that carry impulses to bundle branches located in right and left ventricles from the atria |
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Bundle Branches
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Group of Purkinje fibers, arising from bundle of His, that conduct electrical impulses to right and left ventricles
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Purkinje Fibers
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Modified myocardial cells found in distal areas of the bundle branches
Responsible for carrying the impulse to the contractile cells -To initiate contraction -ultimately what innervates the muscle cell |
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Coordinated Contraction
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Atrial excitation
Atrial Systole Atrial Diastole Ventricular excitation Ventricular Systole Ventricular Diastole |
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Electrophysiology of the Heart
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Automaticity
Excitability Conductivity Contractility |
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Automaticity
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Inherent ability of certain myocardial cells to initiate and maintain rhythmic heart activity without neurological assistance
SA Node contains pacemaking cells with highest automaticity and fastest discharge rate |
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Excitability
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Inherent ability of both pacemaking cells and non-pacemaking cells to respond to an impulse or stimulus
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Conductivity
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Allows myocardial cell to relay an impulse to a neighboring cell
Impulse has potential to create a wave of excitability that propagates through entire tissue |
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Contractility
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Ability to respond to an electrical impulse with pumping action
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Depolarization
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Process in which there is a minimal difference in electrical charge between the inside of a cell and the outside of the cell.
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Repolarization
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Condition or state in which the inside of the cell is more positive than the outside
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Electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG)
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Graphic recording of the electrical currents produced by the heart
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Augmented Leads
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Leads aVR, aVL, and aVF (rt, lt, & feet); each obtained using a positive electrode attached to one extremity and negative electrode to a central terminal (heart area)
Also called unipolar |
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Precordial Leads
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Leads V1-V6 (along ribs and collar bone); each obtained using a positive electrode attached to a specific area of the anterior chest wall and negative electrode to a central terminal (heart area)
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Baseline
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Flat line portion of EKG
Straight line Isoelectric line |
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Waves
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Deflections from the baseline
Labeled P, QRS, T |
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P Wave
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Recording of atrial depolarization (systole)
-contraction usually occurs |
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Q Wave
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First negative deflection before a positive deflection of QRS complex
Impulse activation in the interventricular septum |
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R Wave
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First upward deflection of QRS complex form impulse progression through the ventricles
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S Wave
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Negative deflection denoting completion of left ventricular activation
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T Wave
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Represents repolarization (diastole) of ventricles
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Segments
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Straight lines connecting waves
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ST Segment
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Isoelectric line from end of S to the beginning of T
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Intervals
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A wave in addition to a connecting segment
A series of waves and segments |
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P-R Interval
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Time for electrical impulse to conduct through atria and AV Node
End of P to beginning of ventricular depolarization |
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QT Interval
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Measures beginning of ventricular depolarization to end of ventricular repolarization
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Complexes
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Groups of related, recorded waves
A series of waves |
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QRS Complex
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QRS interval
Represents depolarization or contraction of the ventricles |
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Arrhythmia
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Abnormal rhythm of the heart beat
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Antiarrhythmic Agents
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Drugs used to treat arrhythmias
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Asystole
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Absence of contractions of the ventricles or the entire heart (A=without)
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Bradycardia
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Abnormally slow HR. Below 60 beats per min.
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Tachycardia
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Abnormally fast HR. Over 100 beats per min.
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Ventricular Fibrillation
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Arrhythmia originating in multiple ectopic pacemakers in the ventricles characterized by numerous ventricular fibrillatory waves and no QRS complexes
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Ectopic Beat
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Premature beats originating in ectopic pacemakers in the atria, AV junction, and ventricles
Premature atrial contractions (PACs), premature junctional contractions (PJCs), and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) |
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Palpitation
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Fluttering of the heart or an abnormal rhythm of the heart.
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Hypertension
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Elevated BP
Systolic > 140 mmHg Diastolic > 90 mmHg (one or both) Stresses cardiovascular system Higher risk for MI, CVA etc. |
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Angina Pectoris
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Chest pain
Condition in which the heart muscle receives an insufficient blood supply, causing chest pain. Commonly caused by coronary artery disease |
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Myocardial Infarction
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MI
Heart Attack Ischemia to the heart long enough to create infarction Left with heart damage |
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
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Inability of the heart muscle to contract adequately
CO decreases |
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Edema
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Swelling associated with abnormally large amounts of fluid in the tissues of the body
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Diuretic
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Any drug that promotes excretion of urine
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Septal Defects
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ASD-Atrial Septal Defect
-Hole in interatrial septum VSD- Ventricular Septal Defect -Hole in interventricular septum |
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Valvular Diseases
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Stenosis (narrowing)
Regurgitation (backflow) Vegetations (emboli or bacteria on valve) |
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Wall Diseases
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Cardiomyopathy (deterioration of myocardium)
Hypertrophy (enlargement of myocardium) |
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Fusiform
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Uniform dilation of the vessel walls
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Ascending Aorta
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Extends superiorly to the Aortic Arch
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Dorsalis-pedis
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Top medial of the foot
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Calf Muscle Pump
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Second heart
Works against gravity to return blood to the heart |
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Varicose Veins
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Abnormally dilated, tortuous, elongated vein
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Radial
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Most common point used to take pulse
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Atherosclerosis
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Most common form of arteriosclerosis
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Venous Insufficiency
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Valves leak causing blood to backflow
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Posterior Tibial
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Posterior to the medial mallelous (ankle bone)
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Vascular Network
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Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava
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Deep Vein Thrombus
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DVT; causes pain and swelling in limb
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Raynaud's Disease
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Vasospasm; disorder of digits stimulated by cold or emotional stress
Causes digits to change color: white-blue-red; painful |
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Saccular
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Only one side of the vessel wall dilates
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Descending Aorta
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Divided into two sections
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Arteritis
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Inflammation of an artery wall
Causes endothelium damage to vessel wall Reduces blood flow through area |
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Capillaries
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Made up of only endothelium
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A-V Fistula
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Abnormal connection between an artery and vein
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Dissection
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Vessel wall layers separate, creating a false lumen
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Circle of Willis
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About the size of a walnut
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Popliteal
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Posterio-medial knee
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Pseudo
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All layers of the wall rupture
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Carotid
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Anterior, just to the side of mid-line of the neck
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Pulmonary Embolus
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Embolus that has become lodged in the lung
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Temporal
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Posterior to the cantus of the eye
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Axillary
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Armpit, bilateral
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Femoral
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Access point for angiography
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Veins
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Carry blood TOWARD the heart
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Arteries
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Carry blood AWAY from the heart
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Arteriosclerosis
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Hardening of the arteries
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Brachial
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Used most often for taking BPs
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Lumen
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Passageway inside tubular organ
-Vascular lumen is passageway inside the blood vessel |
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Bifurcation
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Division into two branches, from an artery
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Pressure Through CV System
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(Greatest to lowest)
Aorta Lg arteries Sm arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Lg veins Vena Cava |
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Blood Volume
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65 - 70% in veins and venules
10 - 12% in systemic arteries 5% in heart 5% in pulmonary veins 5% in systemic capillaries 3% in pulmonary capillaries 3% in pulmonary arteries |
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Capillaries
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Microscopic in size (8 micro diameter)
Exchange of nutrients |
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Vein
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Have valves (semilunar) to protect against effects of gravity
To prevent backflow |
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Artery
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Have a thicker media
Larger smooth muscles cells Under greater stress (work a muscle and it grows larger) |
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Ascending Aorta
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Arises from LV (at aortic valve)
Extends superiorly to Aortic Arch Origin of R and L coronaries (at aortic root) |
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Descending Aorta
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Comes after Aortic Arch
Divided into 2 sections: Thoracic Aorta (immediately after arch) Abdominal Aorta (after passing thru opening in diaphragm) |
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Upper Extremity Arteries
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(shoulder to hand)
Axillary (pulse point) (shoulder) Brachial (BP) (upper arm) Superior profunda brachialis (upper arm) Radial (pulse point) Ulnar (ulna) Deep palmar arch (palm-thumb side) Superficial palmar arch (palm-pinky side) Digital (finger) |
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Arteriosclerosis
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Multiple disease processes, lead to the loss of compliance (elasticity) of the artery
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Atherosclerosis
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Inner layer of the artery wall is made thick and irregular by deposits of FATTY substances
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Embolism
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Blood clot (or air, fat, tumor, plaque) inside a blood vessel, which is carried through blood stream to smaller vessels where it obstructs circulation
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Thrombolytic
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Pertaining to or causing the breaking up of a thrombus (blood clot)
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Ischemia
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Reduced blood flow to tissue caused by narrowing or occlusion of the artery supplying blood to it.
Results in tissue anoxia May be localized under the endocardium or under the epicardium |
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Infarction
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Area of tissue that is damaged or dies as a result of no receiving a sufficient blood supply.
Myocardial infarct, referring an area of heart muscle due to insufficient flow of blood through coronary arteries |
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Necrosis
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Death of tissue
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Claudication
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Ischemia in leg muscles due to lack of blood flow when exercising causing pain, limping, or lameness.
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Ankle-arm Index
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Comparison of systolic BP in arm and ankle
Ankle BP should be same or slightly higher than arm BP. Ankle BP/Arm BP = 1.0 (normal) |
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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
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Episode of transient cerebral symptoms including visual disturbances and memory loss which are brief in duration and resolve with no residual dysfunction
Symptoms < 24 hrs |
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Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
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AKA Stroke
Impaired blood supply to some part of the brain causing PERMANENT neurological damage Symptoms > 24 hrs |
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Aneurysm
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Dilation of all 3 vessel walls
Types: Fusiform Saccular |
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Pseudoaneurysm
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Blood collects in false sac surrounded by tissue. (All layers of wall rupture)
Common cause- needle puncture |
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Phlebitis
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Inflammation of the vein
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Anticoagulants
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Substance that inhibits the action of the blood-clotting mechanism.
Ex: Heparin, Coumadin |
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Calf Muscle Pump
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Skeletal Muscle Pump
Gravity pulls blood down - Calf contracts squeezing the vein - pushes blood back up to the heart Valve prevents backflow Pass out after 10-15 mins no calf movement |
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Transmural Pressure
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Difference between pressure inside vessel and outside vessel
High - increased volume, distends veins Low - decrease volume, increase tissue pressure, compress or collapse vein |
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Neck Veins
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External Jugular
Internal Jugular (Jugular often used for IV, central line, and rt heart catheterization procedures) Vertebral |
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Innominate
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Brachiocephalic
Has right and left Off of superior vena cava |
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Subclavian
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Near clavicle
Used for central lines and Right Heart Catheterization |
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Deep Arm Veins
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Forearm
Brachial Radial Ulnar Palmar |
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Superficial Arm Veins
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Upper arm
Cephalic Basilic |
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Abdominal Veins
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Hepatic
Renal Inferior Vena Cava |
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Pelvis Veins
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Common Illiac
Internal Illiac External Illiac |
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Thigh Veins
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Common femoral
Profunda femoris Femoral (superficial) Greater saphenous Popliteal |
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Femoral Veins
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Used as central line
Right heart catheterization |
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Great Saphenous
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Longest vein in body
Used for coronary artery bypass graft |
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Calf Veins
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Small saphenous
gastrocnemius anterior tibial posterior tibial peroneal |
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Virchow's Triad
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3 components needed for thrombus formation (DVT)
Hypercoagulability Venous Stasis Endothelial injury |
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Pulmonary Embolus
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Embolus lodged in the lung
Usually came from deep veins Life threatening complication of DVT Symptoms: SOB, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia, hemoptysis |
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Venous Insufficiency
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Leads to venous hypertension
Symptoms: edema, leg heaviness, pain, stasis dematitis, ulceration |
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Varicose Veins
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Two Types:
Primary: Superficial veins only; hereditary factor Secondary: Involves deep veins also; complication of DVT |
