Intro To Bio. Pt2

Front 1

In plants that absorb blue-violet-green wave lengths of light, what color do they reflect?
-white-yellow
-blue
-yellow-orange
-green

Back 1

-yellow-orange

Front 2

_____ is an example of CAM plant.
-corn
-pineapple
-sugarcane
-crabgrass

Back 2

-pineapple

Front 3

the final step of the calvin cycle is the regeneration of _____.
-ATP
-electrons
-RuBP
-G3P

Back 3

-RuBP

Front 4

ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE ENTERS LEAVES THROUGH
-STROMA
-GRANA
-THYLAKOIDS
-STOMATA

Back 4

-STOMATA

Front 5

the largest yield during aerobic respiration occurs after which stage?
-pyruvate cycle
-electron transport chain cycle
-krebs cycle
-glycolysis

Back 5

-electron transport chain cycle

Front 6

a molecule of glucose contains?
-12 carbon atoms, 6 oxygen atoms, and 6 hydrogen atoms
-6 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, and 12 oxygen atoms
-6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms
-8 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms

Back 6

-6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms

Front 7

what process results in 2 ATP and a toxic end product?
-fermentation
-citric acid cycle
-preparatory reaction
-energy harvesting

Back 7

-fermentation

Front 8

besides carbon dioxide, the other end product of cellular respiration is?
-oxygen
-water
-lactate
-nitrogen

Back 8

-water

Front 9

in cellular respiration, the number of ATP molecules produced is as many as 38, which is about 40% of the energy available from glucose molecule. the remainder of the energy is lost as?
-water
-pyruvate
-heat
-carbon dioxide

Back 9

- heat

Front 10

the structure that surrounds the cytoplasm in a bacterial cell is the?
-nucleoid
-ribsosome
-plasma membrane
-cell wall

Back 10

-plasma membrane

Front 11

which of the following oils contains the largest amount of sat. fat?
-canola
-safflower
-olive oil
-coconut oil

Back 11

-coconut oil

Front 12

the following atoms are all variations of the element carbon:12C,13C,&14C due to differing numbers of neutrons. what are these variations called?
-isomers
-isotopes
-molecules
-polymers

Back 12

-isotopes

Front 13

any energy transformation involves the lost some energy as?
-heat
-electric charge
-light
-motion

Back 13

-heat

Front 14

petunias belong to the kingdom?
-animalia
-fungi
-plantae
-protista

Back 14

-plantae

Front 15

which one of these occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
-carbon dioxide fixation
-G3P production
-NADPH production
-reduction of carbon dioxide

Back 15

-NADPH production

Front 16

in a eukaryotic cell, protein synthesis occurs in the?
-nuclear envelope
-ribosomes
-chromosomes
-smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 16

ribosomes

Front 17

the 2 major sets of reaction involved in photosynthesis are?
-light reactions and calvin cycle reactions
-glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
-calvin cycle reactions and citric acid cycles.
-light reactions and the electron transport chain.

Back 17

-light reactions and calvin cycle reactions.

Front 18

as an enzyme fits into a substrate at the active site, it undergoes a slight change in order to fit into the substrate. this process is defined by a concept called the?
-active enzyme inhibition scheme
-induced fit model
-feedback inhibition model
-facilitated diffusion process

Back 18

-induced fit model

Front 19

an important property of water is that?
-it's a good solvent
-it's temperature rises and falls quickly
-it easily changes from liquid to gas
-it lacks cohesive properties

Back 19

-it's a good solvent

Front 20

which of these statements most accurately describes how carbon dioxide enters a leaf?
-CO2 is carried by water in leaf veins
-CO2 enters a leaf through osmosis
-CO2 is pulled in by leaf veins
-CO2 defuses by way of the stomata

Back 20

-CO2 defuses by way of the stomata

Front 21

a helix refers to a protein's _____ structure.
-tertiary
-primary
-quaternary
-secondary

Back 21

-secondary

Front 22

select the largest, most inclusive level among the following choices.
-cell
-organ
-tissue
-molecule

Back 22

-organ

Front 23

what happens as a result of fermentation?
-glycolysis only
-glycolysis and the reductions of pyruvate
-glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
-the reduction of pyruvate only

Back 23

-glycolysis and the reductions of pyruvate

Front 24

in the enzymatically controlled chemical reaction A TO B TO C the letter A stands for a?
-substrate
-enzyme
-cofactor
-product

Back 24

-substrate

Front 25

which of the following elements is a product of cellular respiration?
-water
-pyruvate
-glucose
-oxygen

Back 25

-water

Front 26

which of these is the smallest structure?
-dipeptide
-amino acid
-polypeptide
-protein

Back 26

-amino acid

Front 27

which of the following is true about bases?
-they tend to decrease the pH of a solution
-they release hydroxide ions in solution
-they have a sharp or sour taste
-they help to build up cells

Back 27

-they release hydroxide ions in solution

Front 28

which one of the following reactions occurs in the cristae of the mitchomdria?
-the citric acid cycle
-the prep reaction
-the election transport chain
-glycolysis

Back 28

-the electron transport chain

Front 29

an insect is able to walk across the surface of a pond without sinking because of the?
-polarity of water molecules
-process of evaporation
-cohesion between the water molecules
-adhesion of the insects feet to the surface of the water

Back 29

-adhesion of the insects feet to the surface of the water

Front 30

a grassy meadow that's home to a rabbits, deer, and several species of birds is considered as a/an?
-population
-community
-biosphere
-ecosystem

Back 30

-ecosystem

Front 31

which one of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?
-sucrose
-glucose
-starch
-cellulose

Back 31

-glucose

Front 32

an element has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic weight of 23. how many neutrons does each atoms contain.
-11
-12
-23
-24

Back 32

-12

Front 33

the calvin cycle of photosynthesis begins when
-carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP
-light becomes available
-electrons leave a photosystem
-the reduction of carbon dioxide occurs

Back 33

-carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP

Front 34

if you immerse a living cell in a hyptertonic solution, water will?
-move into the cell
-remain
-move out of the cell
-fluctuate in and out

Back 34

-move out of the cell

Front 35

eukaryotic cells generally rely on a cytoskeltal structure called a ___ to pull chromatids apart.
-controsome
-centromere
-spindle
-aster

Back 35

-spindle

Front 36

the process of nuclear division called ____ keeps the chromosomes number constant from one cell generation to the next.
-meiosis
-mitosis
-eukaryotic fission
-prokaryotic splitting

Back 36

-mitosis

Front 37

in the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the ____interval of interphase.
-G1
-G2
-S
-cytoplasmic division

Back 37

-S

Front 38

which of the following list the correct oder of stages of mitosis?
-metaphase, anaphase, telophase, prophase
-prophase, telophase, metaphase,anaphase.
-metaphse, prophase, anaphase, telophase.
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Back 38

-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Front 39

during which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope start to break down?
-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase

Back 39

-prophase

Front 40

angiogenesis is?
-the formation of new blood vessels
-programmed cell death
-the formation of somatic cells
-the process of contact inhibition

Back 40

-the formation of new blood vessels.

Front 41

how many chromosomes are located in a single human somatic cell?
-21
-23
-42
-46

Back 41

-46

Front 42

______ occurs in cells especially set aside for reproduction, but not in somatic cells/
-mitosis
-meiosis
-metaphase
-formation of sister chromatids

Back 42

-meiosis

Front 43

in meiosis, the exchange of genteic material between nonsister chromatids occurs during.
-interphase
-prophase 1
-metaphase 1
-anaphase 2

Back 43

-prophase 1

Front 44

the first cell formed when 2 gametes come together as fertilization is the?
-zygote
-sporophyte
-gametophyte
-homologue

Back 44

-zygote

Front 45

how many daughter cells result when a cell undergoes the process of meiosis?
-1
-2
-4
-8

Back 45

-4

Front 46

contrast homozygous with heterozygous.

Back 46

a homozygous individual has two identical alleles of a gene(SS, or ss). a heterozygous has two different alleles of a gene(Ss).

Front 47

contrast genotype with phenotype.

Back 47

genotype is the genetic make up of an individual, while phenotype is the appearance of an individual.

Front 48

-what is genotype and phenotype? give examples
-give an example of homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous

Back 48

-genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual(ss or SS) and phenotype is the physical appearance of an individual(short fingers or long fingers)
-homozygous dominant: SS
homozygous recessive: ss
heterozygous:Ss

Front 49

a DNA sequence that controls transcription in a prokaryote is called?
-a represssor
-polymerase
-an operon
-a cloning facot

Back 49

-an operon

Front 50

loosely packed chromatin in eukaryotic is called?
-activators
-factors
-enhancers
-translators

Back 50

-activators

Front 51

reproductive cloning refers to growing an organism; _____ cloning refers to producing cells that might be used to repair spinal tissue injuries.
-nuclear
-specific
-specialized
-therapeutic

Back 51

-therapeutic

Front 52

in general, a cell-signaling pathways begins when
-a chemical signal is emitted from a transmitter protein
-an end product activates reactions within a cell's cytoplasm
-a chemical signal binds to a receptor protein.
-a transcription activator reacts to the chemical signal.

Back 52

-a chemical signal binds to a receptor protein.

Front 53

a mutation that activates cancer causing genes is called a "gain of function" mutation because it cause the gene to?
-overexpress some function
-become a proto-oncogene
-to stop the cell cycle
-promote apoptosis

Back 53

-overexpress some function

Front 54

___ occurs when new tumors are established distant from the original tumor.
-oncogeneis
-angiogenesis
-vascularization
-metastasis

Back 54

-metastasis

Front 55

the scientific study of genomes is called
-genomics
-proteomics
-bioinformatics
-genetics

Back 55

-genomes

Front 56

chorionic villi sampling(cvs) involves drawing tissue samples from the region where the ___ will develop.
-fetus
-placenta
-egg
-x chromosome

Back 56

-placenta

Front 57

the process of transferring normal or modified genes into an individual in an attempt to correct some type of gentic defect is called
-DNA fingerprinting
-gene mutation
-cloning
-gene therapy

Back 57

-gene therapy

Front 58

the international attempt to map out the entire human genome is known as the
-eugnic engineering prject
-human genome project
-genetic engineering consortum
-dna blueprint system

Back 58

-human genome project

Front 59

by testing, i've identified an autosomal recessive disorder in which the red blood cells are miss-happen and irregular. this person probably suffers from?
-huntington disease
-hemophillia
-sickle cell disease
-marfan syndrome

Back 59

-sickle cell disease

Front 60

to get an overall sense of the anatomy of a fetus, i should use ___ for my examination.
-embryonic testing
-genetic markers
-amniocentesis
-ultrasound

Back 60

-ultrasound

Front 61

in a pedigree chart, female offspring are represented by?
-squares
-vertical lines
-triangles
-circles

Back 61

-circles

Front 62

I"ve reproduced a karyotype of a fetus to find that there are 3 number 21 chromosomes. i now know that his child will be afflicted with?
-down syndrome
-tay-sachs disease
-chromosomal deletion
-cystic fibrosis

Back 62

-down syndrome

Front 63

williams syndrome results when a ___ occurs in chomosome 7.
-translocation
-inversion
-deletion
-duplication

Back 63

-deletion

Front 64

how does mitosis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells.
-animal cells don't form a spindle
-animal cells lack cytokinesis
-plant cells lack a cell plate
-plant cells lack centrioles

Back 64

-plant cells lack centrioles

Front 65

polygenic ingertiance can explain?
-a range of phenotype among the offspring
-the occurance of degree of dominance
-incomplete domance
-pleitropy syndrome

Back 65

-a range of phenotype among the offspring

Front 66

which of these is true of mesiosis?
-n --> n
-n -->2n
-2n --> n
-2 -->2n

Back 66

-2n --> n

Front 67

the gentic disorder sickel cell disease is an example of
-pleiotropy
-heterozygous dominance
-epitasis
-homozygous dominance

Back 67

-pleiotropy

Front 68

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING GENOTYPES CAUSE KLINEFELTER SYNDROME?
-xy
-xx
-xxy
-xyy

Back 68

-xxy

Front 69

the phase of cell division in which the nuclear enevelope and nucleoulus are disappearing as the spindle fibers are appearing is called?
-anaphase
-prophase
-telophase
-metaphase

Back 69

-prophase

Front 70

which of the following phrases best describes the human karyotype?
-46 pairs of automes
-sex chromosomes along with 23 pairs of autosomes
-one pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes
-x and y chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes

Back 70

-one pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes

Front 71

autosomes are __ chromosomes.
-allele
-non-sex
-homologous
-abnormal

Back 71

-non-sex

Front 72

when you notice that someone has unusually blue eyes, you've noticed their?
-allele
-hybridization
-phenotype
-genotype

Back 72

-phenotype

Front 73

which of the following statements about mitosis is correct?
-it's part of the process of oogenesis
-it forms 2 daughter cells
-it creates haploid nuclei
-it consists of 2 parts:mitosis I, and mitosis II

Back 73

-it forms 2 daughter cells

Front 74

which of these is happening when translation takes place?
-mRNA is still int he nucleus
-rRNAs expose their anitcodons
-DNA is being replicated
-tRNAs are bring amino acids to the ribosomes

Back 74

-tRNAs are bring amino acids to the ribosomes

Front 75

2 organisms, each with the gentype TtGg, mate. the chance of producing an offspring that has the dominant phenotype for height (T) and the recessive phenotype for color (g) is
-3/16
-7/16
-9/16
-11/16

Back 75

-3/16

Front 76

a parent with type AB blood could not produce a child with type?
-a
-b
-ab
-o

Back 76

-o

Front 77

which chromosomal mutation results in alagille syndrome?
-inversion
-translocation
-duplication
-deletion

Back 77

-translocation

Front 78

which of the following strands of DNA is the complement strand to CCATCG?
-GGTAGC
-GGATGC
-AACGAT
-TTGCTA

Back 78

-GGTAGC

Front 79

An enhancer affects what level of genetic control?
-post-transcription
-translation
-transcription
-post-translation

Back 79

-transcription

Front 80

a woman who isn't colorblind but has an allele for color blindness reproduces with a man who has normal vision. what is the chance that they will have a colorblind child?
-50%
-25%
-100%
-0%

Back 80

-0%

Front 81

a recessive allele t is responsible for a condition called distonia. a man who has this condition marries a woman who doesn't. one of their 4 children has the condition. what are the possible gentotypes of the man and the woman?
-the father is Tt; the mother is TT
-the father tt; the mother is TT
-both parents are TT
-the father is tt; the mother is Tt

Back 81

-the father is tt; the mother is Tt

Front 82

if a piece of DNA breaks off from a chromosome and attaches itself to a nohomologous chromsomes at another location, what type of change has occurred?
-inversion
-duplication
-deletion
-translocation

Back 82

-translocation

Front 83

which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells?
-they're usually either nerve cells or cardiac muscle cells
-they result in uncontrolled growth
-they have a specialized structure and function
-they can't travel to other parts of the body

Back 83

-they result in uncontrolled growth

Front 84

from the cross Aa x Aa, the probability of producing a homozygous dominant offspring is
-25%
-50%
-75%
-100%

Back 84

-25%

Front 85

genomics is?
-a sequence of mutant genes
-the study of the human genome
-the study of cellular protein structures
-a mechanism in DNA fingerprinting

Back 85

-the study of the human genome

Front 86

nondisjunction is the?
-exchange of chromosomes pieces
-failure of chromosomes pairs to separate completely
-loss of a piece of a chromosome
-repetitive replications of the same piece of a chromosome

Back 86

-failure of chromosomes pairs to separate completely

Front 87

if a cell has 18 chromosome, how many chromosomes would each daughter cell have?
-9
-18
-36
-the number can't be determined

Back 87

-18

Front 88

contrast reproductive cloning with therapeutic cloning.

Back 88

the goal of reproductive cloning is to create an individual that is genetically identical to the 2n nucleus donor. the goal of therapeutic cloning is to study how cells become specialized and to provide specialized cells for medical procedures.

Front 89

contrast when the lac operan is turned on with when the trp operan is turned off.

Back 89

the lac operan(which breaks down lactose) is turned on only when lactose present. the trp operan(which synthesizes tryptophan) is turned off only when tryptophan is present.

Front 90

list the levels of gene expression that can be controlled in eukaryotes.

Back 90

DNA unpacking, transcription of DNA, mRNA processing, translation of mRNA, protein activity.

Front 91

contrast heterochromatin with euchromatin.

Back 91

heterchromatin is tightly packed and darkly stained,and generally contain inactive genes.euchromatin is loosely packed and lightly stained and generally contains active genes.

Front 92

explain how mRNA processing can influence the type of gene products made by a cell.

Back 92

the exons that are spliced may differ in different cell types, resulting in varying types of products after translation.

Front 93

explain how a mammalian red blood cell can synthesize hemoglobin after it ejects its nucleus.

Back 93

its mRNA for many months, allowing translation to make hemoglobin.

Front 94

describe the function of transcription factors in eukaryotes.

Back 94

transcription factors help RNA polymarase bind to promoter regions, allowing transcription to begin.

Front 95

describe the relationship between transcription activators and enhancers.

Back 95

transcription activators are proteins that bind to DNA regions called enhancers to speed transcription.

Front 96

describe the relationship between a signal transduction pathway and gene expression.

Back 96

the signal transduction pathway is a series of reaction that changes the signal to one that affects activity of a cell such as increased expression of genes.

Front 97

explain why cancer incidence increases with age.

Back 97

cancer results from an accumilation of mutations over time.

Front 98

explain why specialized cells are less likely to be involved in cancer than other cells

Back 98

specialized cells are not programmed to undergo the cell cycle anymore, so cancer(which is a cell cycle control disease) is less likely to develop.

Front 99

contrast proto-oncogens with tumor suppressor genes.

Back 99

when proto-oncogenes are active , the cell cycle occurs normally and apoptosis is restrained. when tumor supressor genes are active the cell cycle is restrained and apoptosis is promoted.

Front 100

describe the relationship between amniocentesis and karyotyping.

Back 100

during amnicentesis, a sample of amniotic fluid is collected. cells from this fluid are cultured and used for karyotyping.

Front 101

list the 2 reasons that chorionic villi sampling allows a karyotype to be determined earlier than amniocentesis

Back 101

chorionic villi sampling can be performed earlier in pregnancy and does not require a cell culture period.

Front 102

explain ehy karyotypes are created from chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis

Back 102

the chromosomes are the most condensed during metaphase.

Front 103

contrast a duplication chromosome with a deletion chromosome.

Back 103

a duplication chromosome contains a repeated segment, while a deletion chromosome missing a segment.

Front 104

contrast a translocation chromosome with an inversion chromosome.

Back 104

a translocation chromosome contains a segment from another, nonhomoglogous chromosome. an inversion chromosome contains a segment (from the same chromosome) that has been flipped 180 degrees.

Front 105

explain what a genetic counselor can learn from a pedigree.

Back 105

the counselor might be able to determine the inheritance pattern of the disorder and the chances that a child born the the couple will have the disorder

Front 106

explain what is meant by "chance" has no memory" in pedigree analysis.

Back 106

the genotype of one child does not influence the genotypes of its siblings.

Front 107

explain why more males than females express x-linked recessive disorders.

Back 107

males always express recessive alleles on the x chromosomes. there is no possibility for a second allele to mask the recessive allele.

Front 108

describe the inheritance pattern of a Y-linked trait.

Back 108

it would be passed form father to all sons, and it is only expressed in males.

Front 109

compare and contrast and physiological bases of Tay-sachs diseases and phenylketonuria.

Back 109

both result from the buildup of a substrate that is not broken down properly. that substance is hexosaminidase A for tay-sachs disease and phenylalanine for phenylketonuria.

Front 110

explain why sickle-shaped red blood cells result in a wide array of symptoms in individuals with sickle cell disease.

Back 110

the cells cannot pass through narrow capillaries as well, so they block them and break down.

Front 111

contrast the use of genetic markers versus DNA probes for the detection of genetic disorders.

Back 111

a genetic marker is an altered DNA sequence that is detectable in individuals with genetic disorders. DNA probe is a single stranded piece disorder.

Front 112

explain what an ultrasound image can reveal to a doctor.

Back 112

ultrasound can determine the babys age and size, as well as the presence of serious conditions, such as spina bifida. it can also determine whether there are multiple babies in the womb.

Front 113

list 3 ways a doctor can collect fetal cells for genetic testing.

Back 113

amniocentesis chorionic villi sampling, fetal cells in the mothers blood

Front 114

explain how an embryo can be tested for a genetic disorder

Back 114

when the embryo contains 6 to 8 cells, one cell is removed and used for testing.

Front 115

explain how egg cells can be tested for a genetic disorder.

Back 115

meiosis results in the production of an egg cell and at least 2 polar bodies. the polar bodies can be tested for the genetic disorder, and this information can be used to deduce the genotype of the egg cell.

Front 116

describe the goals of genomics research.

Back 116

genomics research attempts to understand how genes direct growth and development in order to control the activities of cells and organisms

Front 117

describe the benefits of knowing you genetic profile.

Back 117

a genetic profile will tell you whether or not you are at risk for a genetic disorder. it can also indicate which drugs will be most effective for you particular phenotype.

Front 118

what do the fields of proteomics and bioinformatics have in common.

Back 118

although proteomics studies proteins and bioinformatics studies genes, both depend on the computer.

Front 119

explain why bone marrow stem cells are preferred for ex vivo gene therapy.

Back 119

bone marrow stem cells are capable of dividing after genetic alteration to produce cells carrying the alteration

Front 120

explain how ex vivo gene therapy is used to treat cancer.

Back 120

immune system cells form the patient are removed and genetically altered so that they display tumor antigens. these altered cells are returned to the pateinet to stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells.

Front 121

explain how in vivo gene therapy is used to treat cystic fibrosis.

Back 121

the gene needed to cure the disorder is delivered to the respiratory tract in several ways, including via nasal spray, adenovirus, or liposomes