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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tanak
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the Hebrew Bible, which is also the Old Testament (as it was written in Hebrew). Acronym is derived from the first letter of the individual sections that it is split into: the Torah (teaching), Nevi’im (prophets), and Kethuvim (writings).
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Septuagint
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The Greek edition of the Hebrew Bible, to which was added the New Testament: a set of Gospels, letters, and sermons comprising 27 books
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Apocrypha
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the later books, noncanonical or deuterocanonical, added to the Tanak to form the Old Testament in the Septuagint
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Vulgate
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a translation into Latin of the New Testament from the Greek and Hebrew manuscripts by Jerome (commissioned by the Bishop of Rome). Became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church
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16. Gilgamesh
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the first hero of Western Literature. King of Uruk, main character in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Describes his battling evil and searching for immortality
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17. Hammurabi
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sixth king in the Amorite line. United all Mesopotamian city-states under his rule, was an effective general and administrator, published a code of law: Code of Hammurabi
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19. Ramses II
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a vigorous and vainglorious pharaoh who many historians believe to be the pharaoh of the Exodus
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20. 587 BCE
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Nebuchadnezzar marches upon Jerusalem and demolishes it along with Solomon’s Temple, and began the period of Babylonian exile
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22. Shema
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the essential expression of Israel’s faith, a passionate commitment to a single God, Yahweh. Found in Deut. 6:4
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23. Henotheism
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allegiance to one god while conceding that others exist
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25. Yhwh
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English letters translating the 4 Hebrew consonants (the Tetragrammaton) denoting the name of Israel’s God, Yahweh
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26. Theophany
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a manifestation or appearance of God
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27. Documentary Hypothesis
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theory that holds that the Pentateuch can be most effectively understood by recognizing its composite nature
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28. Yahwist Source
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uses the term Yahweh for God, and portrays God anthropomorphically. Uses a vivid, concrete style with a dramatic storyline starting at creation and ending with the Mosaic Covenant. Southern Israel (Judah) oriented
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29. Priestly Source
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Focuses on the priestly aspects (legalistic and ritual) of Israel’s religion. Very precise with meticulous listings of genealogies, dates, and instructions, associated with Ezekiel
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31. Deuteronomist Source
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emphasizes conditional nature of Mosaic Covenant, defeats a result of failure to worship wholeheartedly. Rhetorical style, religious reforms of Josiah, and central place of worship. (Joshua to 2 Kings, and Deuteronomistic History)
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32. Noachan Covenant
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the first explicitly stated covenant, it is God’s promise to never again inundate the world. It reflects the sacredness of life, and its “sign” is the rainbow.
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33. Abrahamic Covenant
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Yahweh’s covenant with Abraham promising him a son, countless descendents, land, blessings, and a special covenant relationship. Circumcision is mentioned as a possible sign of this covenant, also it is suggested it is sealed by God passing through two halves of a sacrificed animal
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34. Davidic Covenant
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Yahweh vows to keep David’s royal heirs on Judah’s royal throne forever. Thought because of the time of composition, the Abrahamic covenant of producing a royal line is based off the Davidic covenant
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35. Mosaic Covenant
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Unlike the unconditional covenants listed before, the Mosaic covenant has a long list of stipulations and requirements to the divine law that must be followed for God’s protection
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42. Apodictic Law
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imperative laws, like the Ten Commandments, full of absolutes for people not to disobey. Policy law
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43. Case Law
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the form of law that characterizes Near Eastern laws. If such and such is the case, then such and such must be done. Legal Procedures
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45. Holiness Code
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Chapters 17-26 in Leviticus that covers human sins, sacrifices, festivals, and cleansing formulas, they emphasize Yahweh as the source of holiness and the laws Israelites must follow to attain holiness
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46. Jubilee
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the celebration every 50 years in the “super” Sabatical year. It takes its name from the Hebrew word for ram’s horn. Believed to be introduced at the end of the 49 years Babylonian exile
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49. Lex Talionis
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the law of retaliation, given in Exodus. A life for a life, and eye for and eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot. Deut. 19:21
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50. Josiah’s Reform
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purged Yahwism of Canaanite influence and renewed the people in their covenant vows. These reforms were conducted according to everything in the book of the covenant and the Temple of Yahweh
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51. Deuteronomistic History
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the book of Deuteronomy and the Former Prophets (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings) compiled and revised by someone or an editorial school deeply influenced by Deuteronomy’s historical philosophy. Two editions, the first during the reign of Josiah, and post-exilic
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52. Deuteronomistic Theology
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Israel’s future is totally conditional on the Israelites’ collective religious behavior: obedience brings prosperity, disobedience brings natural disaster. Deut. 27-28.
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53. Judge
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shofet in Hebrew. Does not refer to judicial figures in the legal sense, but instead are charismatic military leaders who intervene in major crisis spontaneously
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54. Ehud
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a left handed Benjaminite who succeeds in murdering the king of Moab, Eglon. Stabs the king after tricking him into a private audience. Ehud then leads an attack against Moab and wins, giving Israel “rest for eighty years.”
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55. Deborah
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a judge who dispenses judgment under her palm tree to settle her neighbor’s disputes. The closest figure of all the judges to a conventional religious authority, as she is a “prophetess” and privy to Yahweh’s plans
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56. Samson
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Israelite folk hero known for his strength and riddles. Raised Nazarite (leave hair uncut), fights the Philistines alone, and is eventually betrayed by Delilah. At his death he kills 3,000 Philistines
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57. Samuel
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Israel’s list judge, a prophet and seer who performed priestly functions as well. The single greatest influence on Israel from becoming a tribal confederacy to a monarchy. Anointed Saul king and rejected him later in favor of David
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60. Elijah
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the most formidable prophet Israel had yet produced. A fiercely Yahwist prophet from the northern kingdom. Attacked the worship of Baal, and shaped the nation’s prophetic traditions for centuries. Carried to heaven in a fiery chariot
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62. Elisha
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the disciple of Elijah, whose reported miracles are more numerous and spectacular than Elijah’s. Brought a dead child back to life, and used his power to put Jehu on the throne
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63. Nahum
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prophet who rejoiced in Ninevah’s fall and the destruction of the Assyrian Empire.
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64. Habakkuk
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6th-7th century prophet, maybe a Levitical temple musician
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66. Jeremiah
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warned Jerusalem of Babylon for 40 yrs, one of the greatest prophets. Attacked official policy and denounced trust in the Temple. Treated well by Babylonians, but exiled to Egypt by fellow countrymen. Promise of a new covenant with Judah.
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67. Ezekiel
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6th century prophet exiled to Babylon. Had priestly concerns and strange visions, name means “God strengthens.”
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68. Second Isaiah
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a prophet from the Babylonian exile, who declared the time of punishment is past and that Cyrus (Persia) is the instrument of God to lead a new exodus to their homeland. Declared Yahweh is the ONLY God, and Israel is his servant.
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69. Haggai
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a postexilic prophet who urged the restoration of the Temple of Jerusalem
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70. Zechariah
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a Judean prophet. Urged the exiles to rebuild the Temple, and regarded Zerubbabel to be a potential messianic king. Characterized by strange visions and apocalyptic imagery
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73. Malachi
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prophet whose mane means “my message.” Concerned with the physical aspects of worship, not moral. Elijah is coming back, place set at Passover for him
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74. Festival Scrolls
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also known as the Melligot, designed to serve a liturgical purpose. Each one of the 5 documents was read aloud at each of the main five festivals in the Jewish religious calendar. Ruth, Esther, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, and Lamentations.
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75. Apocalypse
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a “revelation” or “unveiling” of unseen realities in the spirit world and of future events.
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78. Proverbs
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ascribed to Solomon, the traditional founder of the wisdom schools in Israel. Practical advice drawn from diverse sources such as Egypt. Contains Solomonic maxims, reflections on value and wisdom, personifications of Wisdom and Folly, and a portrait of the “perfect wife.”
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79. Ecclesiastes
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a book of skeptical wisdom, ascribed to King Solomon, but is the work of a sage who calls himself Koheleth. There is a delight in paradox and denial in knowing something for sure except for death and futility of all human effort.
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80. Job
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a challenge to the traditional views of God, dramatizes the plight of an innocent man who goes through suffering and questions the ethical nature of God who permits evil. Discredits Deuteronomic thesis
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83. Esther
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A nationalistic story depicting the plight of Jews around the Persian Empire. A beautiful Jewish queen risks her life to save her people from Haman’s plot to annihilate them. Origin of the festival of Purim
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84. Ruth
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a short story set in the time of Israel’s judges; it is the tale of a Moabite woman who became one of Yahweh’s people and the great-grandmother of King David
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85. Song of Solomon
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also called the Song of Songs. A cycle of erotic poems extolling sensual love, the Song of Solomon presents a lyric drama of human passion, and possibly an allegory of the love binding Yahweh and Israel
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87. Chronicles
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Tells of the reign of King David as a priestly King, and similarly the reign of Solomon. Excludes unflattering material from the older histories to portray both as monarch-kings. Ends with Cyrus’ decree restoring the exiled Jews to their homeland.
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88. Ezra
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pictures the difficult postexilic conditions in Judah. Ezra, a scribe, returns to Jerusalem to reorganize the restored Judean community according to the principles of the Mosaic covenant. Intermarriage forbidden
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89. Nehemiah
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appointed governor of postexilic Judah by Artaxerxes, he overseas the rebuilding of Judah. Promulgates a version of the Mosaic Torah from the Babylonian exile, filled with religious zeal and a ban on foreign marriage
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90. Maccabean Revolt
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revolt by the Maccabees against the rule of Antiochus IV. Won religious and political freedom
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91. Daniel
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a name derived from “Danel” and grouped with the righteous men such as Noah and Job in history. The book of Daniel is apocalyptic, and deals with a man named Daniel, a sage at the time of the Babylonian and Persian courts
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92. Antiochus
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name of several Syrian monarchs, most famous were the Antiochus III who gained control of Palestine 197 BCE and Antiochus IV, whose persecution of the Jews led to the Maccabean revolt
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93. Epiphanies
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the name for Antiochus IV, literally translated as “God Manifest.”
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95. Apocalyptic
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a type of prophetic writing that flourished in Judaism from around 200 to 140 BCE. Distinguished by cryptic language, symbolism, and the expression of an imminent cosmic catastrophe where good will defeat evil
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