Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The Great Supta at Sanchi (ID) |
Maurya Dynasty, Hinayana Buddhism 3rd century BC - 1st century CE Modern day Central India, near Bhopal Ashoka's son (patron) Rubble and brick, faced with stone and white stucco, partly gilded |
|
|
Female figure, Yakshi (Queen Maya) at East gateway of Stupa at Sanchi (ID) |
Andhra Period, Hinayana Buddhism 1st century CE Modern day Central India, near Bhopal Stone |
|
|
Lion Capital from Ashoka Memorial pillar, Sarnath (ID) |
Maurya Dynasty, Hinayana Buddhism 3rd century BC Modern day Sarnath, Northern India King Ashoka (patron) Sandstone |
|
|
Buddhist Chaitya-hall at Karli, verticle section, ground plan, and interior (ID) |
Andhra period, Hinayana Buddhism 2nd century CE Modern day Karli, Western India Rock-cut |
|
|
Emperor Ashoka |
Emperor (273-232 BC) of ancient India of Maurya dynasty (322-184 BC). Contributed to spread of Buddhism and great patron of Buddhist art. Moved by remorse and pity of the war he spread and declared Buddhism official state religion. |
|
|
Buddha |
Literally "The Awakened One," founder of Buddhism (prince Siddartha Gautama) |
|
|
Stupa |
Hemisphere burial mound that houses ashes of Buddha or other holy persons. Symbol to commemorate sacred places of Buddha's mortal life. Made of rubble and brick, faced with stone, covered with white stucco and partly gilded. Surmounted by three part umbrella symbolizing three basic aspects of Buddhism - Buddha, Buddha's Law, and Monastic Order. Rail around umbrella shaft reflects ancient concept of marking of precinct around sacred tree (symbol of vitality and fertility). Paths are for pilgrims to cicumambulate clockwise, symbolic of walking Path of Life around the World Mountain. Path enclosed in stone railing to isolate from outside world. Four gateways set to cardinal directions. Uprights and crossbars carved with stories from life of Buddha (footprints, stupa, Boh tree, etc.) Aniconic.
|
|
|
Chaitya hall |
Hall containing a stupa, fundamental Buddhist architectural form with pillars and vaulted roof, sacred place for gathering of faithful |
|
|
Symbolism of Stupa |
Burial mound, aniconic symbol of Buddha Geometric diagram of cosmos, with Buddha at the center World Mountain Cosmic Diagram: sun (fertility symbols from earlier times), egg (pre-Buddhist symbol for the Universe, the seed in yolk from which life springs), tree metaphor (seed, fetile soil, rains) axis mundi Buddha is seed of the universe Hinayana Buddhism |
|
|
Vihara |
Basic Buddhist architectural form constructed as large dwelling place divided into cells of monks |
|
|
Yakshi
|
Hindu female local deity of fertility, depicted Buddha's mother, Queen Maya, at Eastern gate of Great Stupa at Sanchi, Andhra Period
|
|
|
Nirvana |
The state after which a person is released from the cycle of rebirth (Buddhist concept) |
|
|
Jataka tales |
Stories of the previous lives of Buddha
|
|
|
Theravada/Hinayana Buddhism
|
School of Buddhism that believes Buddha to be historical figure and great teacher. Each person must work out their own salvation by exactly following what Buddha did to achieve enlightenment. Maurya Period, 322-184 BC. |
|
|
Symbolism of Lion Capital at Sarnath |
Erected by King Ashoka in 3rd century BC to symbolize his rule and the new Buddhist state religion
Lions are a symbol of royalty, so symbol of both Ashoka, and Prince Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) Made of soapstone Capital is in Sarnath where Buddha gave first sermon. Four lions originally supported large wheel, symbolizing First Sermon of Buddha or Turning the Wheel of the Law. Under lions is drum with Buddhist symbols of a wheel and four animals (bull, horse, lion, elephant). Drum also symbolizes Wheel of Law. In between animals are wheels, symbolizing turning the Wheel of Law. Lions and wheels are ancient sun symbol; symbolizes Buddha illuminating spiritual world just as the sun illuminates the physical world. Bottom is bell-shaped base in the form of a lotus, symbolizing purity of Buddha. Pillar supporting capital has edict of Ashoka, which shows support of Buddhism by King Ashoka (political and religious power = devaraga). Four lions in four cardinal directions (axis mundi = world) |
|
|
Map of Route from East to West through Central Asia with Gandaran region highlighted (ID)
|
Kushan Period 1-4th century CE Gandaran region of Kushan Period 2nd century CE Modern day northwest India (earliest iconic image of Buddha may have developed here) |
|
|
Seated Buddha with attendants from Mathura (ID) |
Mathura, Kushan Period, Mahayana Buddhism 2nd century CE Modern day central India red sandstone (Buddha large and central on Lion Throne with two attendants and two celestial beings on the top. Two royal attendants carrying fly-whisk and lotus brance and lions imply royal character of Buddha. Flying aspsaras coming to worship and welcome Buddha. Boh tree branches represent enlightenment. Large hallow representing flame or light indicates divine character. Yoga pose for meditation (posture can be traced back to Shiva seal). Wheels on soles of his feet indicate Wheel of Law from first sermon at deer park in Sarnath. Raised right hand is mudra for "fear not." Elongated earlobes for royal birth. Robe on left shoulder reminds us of King-Priest male bust.) |
|
|
Gandhara Buddha from N.W. Pakistan (ID) |
Gandhara, Kushan Period, Mahayana Buddhism 2nd century CE Modern day northwest Pakistan Gray schist |
|
|
Standing Buddha from Mathura (ID)
|
Gupta Period, Mahayana Buddhism 4th century CE Modern day central India red sandstone (Mathura style) |
|
|
The First Sermon from Sarnath (ID) |
Sarnath, Gupta Period, Mahayana Buddhism 5th century CE Modern day northern India tan sandstone (Sarnath style) |
|
|
Kushan Period
|
Dynasty in ancient India, 50-320 CE, ruled by Kushans (nomadic group of people from Central Asia). First iconic images of Buddha appeared in this period. Two schools of Buddhist art are Mathura and Gandhra styles. |
|
|
Gupta Period |
Dynasty that succeeded Kushan dynasty, 320-600 CE. Zenith for Buddhist art. Had enormous influence on Buddhist art of later periods in India and beyond. Two regional schools of Buddhist art are Mathura and Sarnath styles. |
|
|
Mathura |
Place in central India, center of Buddhist art in Kushan and Gupta periods. Characteristics: round face, full lips, broad nose (organic and reflects native Indian style). Body revealing robes make of thin and transparent fabric. Figures made of red sandstone |
|
|
Gandhara |
A place in northwestern India, center of Buddhist art in the Kushan period. Strongly influenced by Roman art. Figures made of gray schist. Characteristics: oval faces, long straight noses, high arched eyebrows, cupid's bow lips, hard geometrical drapery. Heavy robes concealed body. |
|
|
Sarnath |
The place where Buddha preached his first sermon in northern India, center of Buddhist art in Gupta period.
|
|
|
Mathura and Sarnath Styles of Gupta Period |
Larger halos with elaborate floral designs. Broad shoulders, narrow wastes, elongated graceful bodies that were unrealistically perfect forms. Thin robs reveal bodies. Eyes downcast or half-closed. Self-contained expression, deep meditation, showing inner peace or contemplation. Show native Indian love for human form.
Mathura: depicts drapery as series of regular strings hanging over surface of body (combining Kushan Mathura of revealing robs and Kushan Gandhara geometric ridges). Sarnath: smooth drapery without folds except edges. |
|
|
Mudra |
Hang gesture of Buddha with different meanings.
|
|
|
Mahayana Buddhism
|
"The Greater Vehicle," a school of Buddhism different from Theravada Buddhism, in which Buddha is believed to be a divine figure that can intervene in human salvation. Kushan and Gupta Periods, 1st-7th centuries CE.
|
|
|
Bodhisattva |
New idea in Mahayana Buddhism, "being of wisdom," beings who essence is intelligence and who had achieved enlightenment and could enter Nirvana but choose to stay in this world to help others to do so. Standing figures wearing elaborate jewelries and hair ornament with elongated earlobes to indicate royal character. |
|
|
"Descent of the Ganges with details" at Mamallapuram, India (ID) |
Mamallapuram, India, Pallava dynasty 7th century CE Modern day Mamallapuram, southeastern India Carved granite relief Pallava ruler (patron) (Hindu pilgrimage site, dedicated to Shiva) |
|
|
Kailasanatha Temple at Ellura, India (ID)
|
Ellura, India, Rashtrakuta Dynasty 760 CE Modern day Ellura, central India rock cut Krishna II (patron) (Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva, site for great Hindu art) |
|
|
Shiva Nataraja (Lord of Dance) (ID)
|
Chola Dynasty 11th-12th century CE Modern day southern India bronze cast Hindu Temple Community (patron) |
|
|
Brama |
"The creator," Hindu god |
|
|
Vishnu |
"The preserver," represents aspect of sustaining life. 10 incarnations, Hindu god |
|
|
Shiva |
"The destroyer," has the power of destruction and recreation. Lord of Dance and Lord of the Animals, Hindu god |
|
|
Brahman |
Hindu concept: the only real existence, the universal spirit, undifferentiated eternal principle of existence of Hinduism |
|
|
Lingam |
Phallus-shaped representation of Shiva, usually worshiped in sanctury of a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva |
|
|
Avatar
|
Incarnation of Hindu deity (Vishnu has 10) |
|
|
"Descent of the Ganges" |
Open air relief carved onto living rock, Hindu pilgrimage site located at Mamallapuram, India. 7th century CE, commissioned by local king, representing power of creation. |
|
|
Kailasantha |
Hindu pilgrimage site located at Ellura. Carved from stone cliff, 8th to 9th century CE, commissioned by local king Krishna II. Main temple represents residence of Shiva and his wife, the World Mountain, with lingam enshrined to represent procreative energies of Shiva. Artist attempted to visualize university and oriented temple in four cardinal directions, the world compass. |
|
|
Symbolism of Shiva Nataraja |
Sculpture of dancing Shiva, cast bronze, 11th - 12th century, Chola dynasty, south India. Ring represents flame and fire to symbolize Shiva's power of destruction and creation. Lifted foot represents refuge of the soul and universal dance (destruction and creation of the universe). Vehicle is bull, nandi. Third eye on forehead, four or more arms carrying trident, drum, and small deer, dressed in animal skins, snake scarf, trampling a dwarf (the evil of ignorance). Hunter's drum because Hunter God, Lord of the Animals. Dynamic, engaging, supernatural. Figure demonstrates close relationship with practitioner and Shiva. |
|
|
Angkor Wat (ID) |
Khmer Period, Kampuchea, Cambodia first half of 12th century CE Modern day Kampuchea, Cambodia stone Surya Varman II (patron) (Hindu temple and mausoleum at capital) |
|
|
"Churning of the Sea of Milk" at Angkor Wat |
Khmer Period, Kampuchea, Cambodia first half of 12th century Modern day Kampuchea, Cambodia stone |
|
|
Angkor Wat |
Hindu temple dedicated to god Vishnu, and mausoleum of Khmer king name Surya Varman II. Built in the first half of the 12th century CE, now a pilgrimage site. Plan of the temple approximates the World Mountain (Mt. Meru) and embodies Khmer concept of axis of the universe. Three concentric, consecutive galleries rise towards center and are separated by courtyards. Highest gallery at center is topped with large central tower. Nine towers in total. Perfect harmony and proportion and harmony, sound knowledge of stereometry of Temple. Every surface has decorations of Indian beliefs and epics. "The Churning of the Sea of Milk is featured at Angkor Wat. Overall, the temple is dedicated to Vishnu, and main tower is manifestation of World Mountain (Mt. Meru) which also symbolizes axis of the universe. Also mausoleum of the king. Separated from secular world by covered galleries and moats. |
|
|
"The Curning of the Sea of Milk" |
A relief carving on the interior wall of the hallway of the temple at Angkor Wat, Cambodia, built by Khmer king, Surya Varman II in the first half of the 12th century CE. Tells the story of how Vishnu reconstituted the balance of the good and evil and saved the world. Vishnu appears in his avatar a tortoise to save the universe from catastrophe. Gods and demons made a truce to churn the Sea of Milk using a serpent wound around the World Mountain to obtain the Dew of Immortality. The World Mountain began to sink and Vishnu as a tortoise sat beneath it to support it. Gods defeated demons and Vishnu was credited with reconstituting the balance of good and evil. Style is formal and heiratic, silhouetted and repeated forms resemble rhythmic and measured ritual dances performed by court dancers of ancient Cambodia. |
|
|
Mount Meru |
The World Mountain, residence of Vishnu |
|
|
Devaraja |
New designed cult of Hinduism in Cambodia. Deva = god, raja = ruler, devaraja = god-kings. Refers to Khmer rulers who had both religious and political power. |
|
|
Bamiyan Buddha (Colossal Buddha) (now destroyed) (ID) |
Bamiyan, Afghanistan
4th - 5th century CE Modern day Afghanistan carved into living rock, stucco plaster, covered in gold leaf rich merchants and Buddhist communities (patron) (Vairochana Buddha, Body of Essence, one of three bodies of Buddha of Mahayana Buddhism - meant to be eternal, universal, supernatural, close to Gupta Mathura Buddha with body-revealing Roman robs with rigid regular folds) |
|
|
Yungang Buddha (Colossal Buddha from Cave XX) (ID) |
Yungang, Northern Wei Dynasty 2nd half of 5th century Modern day Yungang, eastern China living stone with terra cotta Northern Wei government (patron) (pilgrimage site, accompanied by Bodhisattva, copied from/inspired by Buddha at Bamiyan. seated Vairochana Buddha has mask-like face, straight nose, Roman style robe, more geometrical and simplified in hair and drapery folds. Flat, strap-like folds, probably copied from Indian prototype. Still has large earlobes to signify royal type. Overall geometrical, symmetrical, regularized, ideal in shape, perfect in form with large shoulders and chest, finely proportioned) |
|
|
Northern Wei
|
Dynasty of China established by group of pastoral people from Mongolia, 386-535 CE. Rulers adopted Buddhism as state religion and sponsored many Buddhist monasteries and arts. Colossal Buddha at Yungang is example of Buddhist caves sponsored by Northern Wei rulers. Modern day Shanxi province. |
|
|
Bamiyan |
Buddhist pilgrimage sit with many rock-cut cave temples in Afghanistan, 4th to 5th century CE. Colossal standing Buddha was there. Buddhism was introduced from India to China through Bamiyan and images there had strong impact on Chinese Buddhist art. |
|
|
Yungang |
Datong, Shanxi, China, Buddhist pilgrimage site with many rock cut cave temples commissioned by Northern Wei rulers in second half of 5th century CE. Seated colossal Buddha is located here in Cave XX. |
|
|
Pagoda |
Chinese version of stupa in form of Chinese watch tower, constructed of brick, to house relics of Buddha. |
|
|
East and West Compounds of Horyu-ji Complex (ID) |
near Nara, Japan, Asoka Period, Mahayana Buddhism 7th century CE Modern day Nara, Japan stone, wood, plaster, tile |
|
|
West Compound of the Horyu-ji with Kondo and Pagoda (ID)
|
Nara, Japan, Asoka Period, Mahayana Buddhism 7th century CE Modern day Nara, Japan stone, wood, plaster, tile |
|
|
Kondo (Golden Hall) and line drawing, original structure (ID) |
Horyu-ji Complex near Nara, Japan, Asoka Period 607 CE Modern day Nara, Japan stone, wood, plaster, tile |
|
|
Pagoda and line drawing (ID) |
Horyu-ji Complex near Nara, Japan, Asoka Period 7th century Modern day Nara, Japan stone, wood, plaster, tile |
|
|
Shaka Triad with details from Kondo at the Horyu-ji (ID) |
near Nara, Asoka Period, Mahayana Buddhism 623 CE Modern day Nara, Japan gilded bronze Tori Busshi (artist) Imperial Prince Shotoku (patron) |
|
|
Asuka Period |
Dynasty of Japan, dated 552-645 CE. Buddhism was introduced and adopted as the state religion in this period. Horyu-ji temple was constructed at this time. |
|
|
Horyu-ji |
Japanese Buddhist temple built in early 7th century CE during Asuka Period near Nara, Japan. Oldest Extant wood construction in the world. It was modeled after Chinese Buddhist temples and built in the style of Chinese palaces. |
|
|
Chumon |
Front gate of Horyu-ji temple, early 7th century CE near Nara, Japan |
|
|
Kondo |
Golden Hall, image hall in Horyu-ji temple, early 7th century CE near Nara, Japan. Shaka triad is housed in the Golden Hall |
|
|
Pagoda |
Multi-storied towers used as relic halls in China and Japan, functions as a stupa does in India. It is to house the relics of Buddha or famous monks |
|
|
Shaka Triad |
Gilded-bronze group of Buddhist statues by Tori Busshi inside kondo at Horyu-ji, cast in 623 CE, near Nara, Japan |
|
|
Islam |
The religious system of Muslims, submission means giving oneself to God. Islam has a twofold meaning: peace and submission to God. One must consciously and conscientiously give oneself to the service of Allah, the one Almighty God. It was founded by Muhammad in 6th century CE in Arabia. The faithful believe that there is only one true God, Allah. Muhammad is a messenger of God. |
|
|
Koran |
The sacred book of the Muslims consisting of revelations orally delivered by Mohammad and collected after his death. The Koran is written in Arabic in 114 chapters. |
|
|
Muslim |
A believer in the religion of Islam |
|
|
Muhammad |
Founder of the religion of Islam (570-632 CE) born in Mecca, acclaimed himself to be a prophet of God |
|
|
Mosque |
An Islamic temple or place of worship |
|
|
Qibla |
The direction of Mecca, toward which prayer is directed |
|
|
Mihrab |
A niche in a mosque indicating direction of prayer |
|
|
Mosque at Cordoba (Spain) |
Begun in 786 CE, enlarged several times, has a large hall supported by marble columns. Largest religious architecture in the world. |
|
|
Hypostyle Hall |
A type of structure that utilizes closely-spaced columns for direct support of the roof. IT's additive structure allows for easy enlargements. |
|
|
The Mosque at Cordoba |
Line drawing of Cordoba, original plan 786 CE Plan of mosque with expansions, 832-48, 961-76 Aerial view of the mosque at Cordoba Interior of hypostyle hall Other view of interior of hypostyle hall Mihrab of mosque, brick, stone, gilding Cordoba, Spain Calip Abdar-Rahman (patron) |
|
|
Islamic prayer rug from Koran |
Ottoman Empire 16th century Suleyman I (patron) |
|
|
Illuminated page from the Koran |
Turkey 16th century Suleyman I (patron) |
