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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of surveys?
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To establish a settlement pattern.
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What are the types of excavation?
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Horizontal - learn a lot about one specific point in time?
Vertical - change over time |
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What is taphonomy?
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The study of processes that affect an organism after death.
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What is the Principle of context?
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The physical location where material remains are found in the archaeological record.
Provenience - precise 3d location of remains Matrix - physical substance of remains |
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What is the principle (law) of superposition?
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Geological layers of earth are stratified on top of one another, and WHEN UNDISTURBED, layers on top are younger than those under them.
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Explain the principle of association
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It is the relative relationship between an archaeological entity and its surroundings, based on context and superposition.
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What is the problem with reconstruction?
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You try to establish what dynamic human behavior was like from static facts.
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What is the principle of analogy?
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This tool looks like what we call a knife, therefore it was probably used as a cutting instrument.
Process of reasoning whereby two entities that share some similarities are assumed to share other similarities. It involves using known, identifiable phenomena to identify unknown ones |
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What are the three types of middle-range research?
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Ethnographic analogy
Ethnoarchaeology Experimental Archaeology |
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What is Ethnographic Analogy?
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Study of ethnographies to create analogies
study of ethnographic records to develop analogies linking behaviour with material remains |
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What is Ethnoarchaeology?
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Study of the linkages between the behaviors and material remains of contemporary people to identify analogies for the archaeological record
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What is Experimental archaeology?
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The use of controlled modern experiments to provide data to aid in building analogies. Use modern experiments to help interpret the archaelogical record
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What is inductive reasoning?
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taking specific observations and producing a generalization from them
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What is deductive reasoning?
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formulation of specific implications from hypotheses derived from inductive reasoning
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Hypothesis
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proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon
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Theory
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empirically backed justification of a scientific phenomenon
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Hypothetico deductive approach
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Running tests that either corroborate or falsify a hypothesis
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What is paleoanthropology
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paleoanthropology - study of ancient humans as found in fossil hominid evidence
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What are homonids?
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Members of the family homonidae
apes chimps humans |
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What are homonins?
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subfamily of hominids
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What are the different methods of dating?
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Relative chronology - based upon the location in stratified layers
absolute chronology Argon dating Fission track dating how many U-238 fission tracks are in solidified rock cross dating |
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How human were hominins?
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Similar skeletal features
tool use they had home bases altruism - injured members lived years after severe injuries |
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Pre-australopithecus homonins?
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
7 mya Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 mya Orrorin tugenensis 5.8 - 6.1 mya kenya |
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What archaeological evidence exists of the early hominins?
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East african rift valleys
valley that fills with sediments tectonically active - erosion volcanically active - ash includes olduvai gorge |
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Core
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Large piece of rock
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flake
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chip off a core
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Earliest tool industry
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lower Paleolithic - the oldowan
2.3 - 1.15 mya Paranthropus, H. Habilis, H erectus during this period Habilis was the tool maker chopper was the primary tool scavenge carcasses bones for marrow splitting wood, husking tough skinned fruits |
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Uniface
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core tool - one side is sharpened by chipping off flakes
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Second tool industry
The acheulian |
1.7 mya - 200,000 BP
Sites found in Africa Europe Middle east and India Appears at the emergence of H erectus and disappearance of H Habilis Multipurpose tools |
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How human was homo habilis?
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Possible tools earliest 2.5 mya
carnivores, scavengers no home bases no evidence for altruism first possible home base dki 2 mya Koobi fora, kenya |
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How human was homo erectus?
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Culture
wood tools 1.5 mya spears 400,000 BP Acheulian handaxe core tools, multi purpose cutting tool Cognitive mapping problem solving abilities |
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How human was homo erectus?
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fire
possible 1.4 mya? (chesowanja, kenya) 700,000 BP - KAO POH NAM, thailand 600,000 BP - valloret cave, france H erectus was out of Africa by 1.8-1.6 mya |
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Why did homo habilis move?
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Overpopulation due to adaptation?
Sahara Pump effect? Allowing the migration: greater intelligence Stone tool technology fire |
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What is the Ice Age?
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The pleistocene
1.8 mya - 10,000 BP Periods of ice sheet buildup (glacial eras) and periods when ice sheets retreated (interglacial eras) |
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Middle stone age (africa)
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300,000 BP - 40,000 BP
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Middle Paleolithic (middle east)
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200,000 to 35,000 BP
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What are the three neanderthal dissappearance theories?
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Multi regional
Out of Africa Hybridization |
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What is the multi regional theory?
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Neanderthals evolved locally into modern humans as a result of a continuous gene flow between european and african populations
Weak fossil evidence |
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What is the out of Africa theory?
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Neanderthals in europe replaced by humans 30,000-40,000 BP
oldest human fossils were in africa y chromosome studies shows africa as place of origin for all humans with dispersal date within last 100,000 years most supported theory |
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What is the hybridization theory?
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dissappeared due to interbreeding between populations
only evidence is Lagar Velho burial site |
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What is important about the Lagar Velho burial site?
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Dated to 24,500 BP, there was a small child with an admixture of traits
Very short tibia vs femur length (opposite of homo sapiens) traits of neanderthals and modern humans upper paleolithic tools but it was only one fossil |
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What was important about the Upper Paleolithic period?
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40,000 to 11,000 BP
Burials, invention of Blades Art Something seemingly fundamentally different about homo sapiens in terms of their advancement. |
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Explain the significance of blade technology in the Upper Paleolithic.
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A blade was a flake that was at least twice as long as it was wide.
It was an advanced tool: Starting as a core use a "punch" to chip off a thin flake punch was basically a bone or something else used as a fulcrum Cutting surfaces for a 5g flint core: pebble tool - 8cm handaxe - 30 cm flake - 90 cm blade - 9 m |
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What were some of the important burial sites in the Upper Paleolithic
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Sungir, Russia
24,000 BP 2 children buried with a servant and wealth |
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What were some of the important sites of cave art from the Upper Paleolithic?
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Lascaux, 17000 BP, 600 paintings, 1500 engravings.
stone lamps Chauvet - 38,000 BP 300 paintings, 5x larger than lascaux |
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What was important about Mezirich, Ukraine?
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15,000 BP
Mammoth bone houses Pits for "fridge" |
