Intro To Archaeology

Front 1

Which of the following is NOT true about the scientific method?
A. The scientific method is a means for evaluating ideas and insuring that explanations are accurate.
B. The scientific method does not lead to truth, but to a clearer understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.
C. The scientific method insures that bad ideas are eliminated through experimentation and testing.
D. All are true about the scientific method.

Back 1

D

Front 2

Which of the following is true about evolution?
A. Evolution has not been very well studied.
B. Evolution explains the rise and current state of life on earth.
C. Evolution has received very little empirical support.
D. All of the above.

Back 2

B

Front 3

The study of the biological nature of our nearest relatives and ourselves is referred to as
A. archaeology.
B. biological anthropology.
C. genetics.
D. genetic anthropology.

Back 3

b

Front 4

Cultural anthropology involves
A. the study of living peoples.
B. the study of people who lived in the past.
C. the study of human languages.
D. genetic influences on human behavior.

Back 4

A

Front 5

Archaeological investigations that seek to answer the larger, fundamental questions about humans and human behavior that are part of anthropological enquiry is usually referred to as
A. prehistory.
B. investigative archaeology.
C. anthropological archaeology.
D. history.

Back 5

C

Front 6

Classical archaeology is concerned with
A. the pre-literate societies of Europe.
B. the literate societies of Asia.
C. the literate Mediterranean civilizations of Greece and Rome.
D. All of the above

Back 6

C

Front 7

Biblical archaeology
A. focuses on past places and things in the Holy Land.
B. can often be found in Departments of Religion.
C. is not a actual discipline.
D. (a) and (b) above

Back 7

D

Front 8

The requirement of environmental impact studies to determine whether important archaeological or historical sites are in danger of destruction prior to the start of federally funded construction is known as
A. historical archaeology.
B. preservational archaeology
C. cultural resource management.
D. historical preservation archaeology

Back 8

C

Front 9

Which of the following is/are true?
A. Archaeology is the study of ancient humans and dinosaurs.
B. The earliest human ancestors appeared around 60,000 years ago.
C. All archaeological sites are protected under the law.
D. All are false

Back 9

D

Front 10

Which of the following is true about archaeologists and the study of the past?
A. There are hundreds of examples of fraudulent finds in the past.
B. Sometimes professional archaeologists are fooled by fraudulent finds.
C. Fraudulent finds are typically limited to Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
D. (a) and (b) above.

Back 10

D

Front 11

How was Piltdown determined to be a fraud?
A. The perpetrator confessed.
B. Chemical tests
C. He was caught in the act when faking other finds.
D. His wife turned him in.

Back 11

B

Front 12

Erich von DŠniken is associated with
A. studies of ancient Greek sculpture.
B. investigations into when humans first entered the New World.
C. alien archaeology.
D. studies of the Aztec

Back 12

C

Front 13

Pseudoscience is
A. false science.
B. scientific inquiry prior to actual proof.
C. the manner in which science is started.
D. All of the above.

Back 13

A

Front 14

How is the scientific method typically used in archaeology?
A. To evaluate the accuracy of experiments
B. To assist in the accumulation of evidence
C. To disprove pseudoscience
D. All of the above

Back 14

D

Front 15

Who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection?
A. Charles Darwin
B. Alfred Wallace
C. Charles Dawson
D. (a) and (b) above

Back 15

D

Front 16

Charles Darwin pointed out that
A. all organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
B. individuals that survive do so because of certain advantageous characteristics they possess.
C. there is continual change in species.
D. All of the above

Back 16

D

Front 17

Punctuated equilibrium is the idea that
A. evolution leads to steady states of equilibrium.
B. humans have strongly marked, or punctuated, their place on earth.
C. evolution takes place rather abruptly.
D. evolution does not occur in humans

Back 17

C

Front 18

Which of the following is/are true with respect to creationism?
A. Creationism is a myth, similar to those found in many cultures around the world.
B. Many creationists believe that God created the world and all living creatures as specified in the Bible.
C. Creationists typically do not believe in evolution.
D. All of the above

Back 18

D

Front 19

Which of the following is NOT cited by creationists as evidence against evolution?
A. There is no evidence in recorded history of one species turning into another.
B. The fossil record shows gradual change.
C. Scientific dating methods are flawed.
D. Genetic data does not consistently provide evidence for evolution

Back 19

B

Front 20

When did the first farmers appear in western Asia?
A. 1 million years ago
B. 100,000 years ago.
C. 11,000 years ago.
D. 1,800 years ago

Back 20

C

Front 21

What is the average time it takes to complete a Ph.D. in archaeology?
A. 4.2 years
B. 5.8 years
C. 6.4 years
D. 7.5 years

Back 21

D

Front 22

Which of the following is not a career option in archaeology?
A. Professor at a college or university
B. Curator of a museum
C. Governmental position employed as a ranger
D. All of the above are career options for archaeologists

Back 22

D

Front 23

Which civilization did the books by Stephens and Catherwood reveal to England and North America for the first time?
A. Inka
B. Maya
C. Moche
D. Aztec

Back 23

B

Front 24

The site of Chichen Itza is located in:
A. northern Peru.
B. Costa Rica.
C. central Mexico.
D. the Yucatan of Mexico

Back 24

D

Front 25

Some of the growing concerns in archeology today include:
A. globalization.
B. ethical issues.
C. responsible behavior.
D. All of the above

Back 25

D

Front 26

Christian Jörgensen Thomsen contributed to archaeology because:
A. he wrote the first archaeology field manual.
B. he developed the three-age system of stone, bronze, and iron.
C. he was the first to develop an accurate system for dating artifacts.
D. he was the leader of the archaeological team working on the Egyptian pyramids

Back 26

B

Front 27

Jacques Boucher de Perthes:
A. discovered the famous caves of Lascaux.
B. uncovered the bones of extinct animals in association with hand axes in France.
C. argued that humanity was older than the orthodox 6000-year date.
D. (b) and (c) above

Back 27

D

Front 28

When was Darwin’s On the Origin of Species published?
A. 1859
B. 1872
C. 1885
D. 1902

Back 28

A

Front 29

From which institution was the first Ph.D. in archaeology granted?
A. Yale
B. Columbia
C. Harvard
D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Back 29

C

Front 30

Augustus Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers is referred to as:
A. the father of scientific excavation.
B. the man who put the British back into British archaeology.
C. the pharaoh of the pharaohs.
D. (b) and (c) above

Back 30

A

Front 31

What did the Spanish conquistadores who explored parts of North America during the first half of the 16th century believe about the large earthen mounds they observed?
A. They believed they were constructed by Native American populations.
B. They believed the mounds were simply natural geological occurrences.
C. They believed the mounds were created by animals.
D. They believed the mounds were signs from God

Back 31

A

Front 32

Jefferson believed that the individuals buried in the earthen mound near the Rivanna River died:
A. of natural causes.
B. mostly from diseases, perhaps smallpox.
C. from warfare.
D. from drowning

Back 32

A

Front 33

Who is associated with the discovery of Machu Picchu?
A. Howard Carter
B. Leonard Woolley
C. Hiram Bingham
D. V. Gordon Childe

Back 33

C

Front 34

Who defined the concept of an archaeological culture?
A. Howard Carter
B. Leonard Woolley
C. Hiram Bingham
D. V. Gordon Childe

Back 34

D

Front 35

When the did the first women receive a Ph.D. in archaeology in the United States?
A. 1912
B. 1933
C. 1951
D. 1976

Back 35

B

Front 36

Ur's population reached as high as
A. 25,000.
B. 50,000.
C. 100,000.
D. 200,000.

Back 36

D

Front 37

Mesopotamia had an abundance of which of the following natural materials?
A. Wood
B. Stone
C. Metals
D. None of the above

Back 37

D

Front 38

What is a ziggurat?
A. An underground burial chamber
B. A wooden structure used for housing individuals prior to them being sacrificed
C. A large solid mud-brick stepped tower
D. An ancient stable

Back 38

C

Front 39

How did Woolley solve the problem of determining a chronology of the burials in Ur?
A. He used radiocarbon dating analysis on the skeletons.
B. He developed a series of changes in pottery, stone and metal artifacts that could be used to establish the chronological order of the tombs.
C. He deciphered the inscriptions on the tombs.
D. All of the above.

Back 39

B

Front 40

All of the following books influenced the development of archaeology except:
A. V.G. Childes Man Makes Himself.
B. E. Holloway’s A Guide to Field Methods
C. K. Flannery's The Early Mesoamerican Village
D. I. Hodder's Reading the Past

Back 40

B

Front 41

Brian Fagan attributed the changes in archaeology seen during the second half of the twentieth century to:
A. computers and new scientific methods.
B. theoretical advances.
C. the increasing number of archaeologists.
D. All of the above.

Back 41

D

Front 42

Who proscribed a basic order for much of the European Paleolithic?
A. François Bordes
B. Lewis Binford
C. David Clarke
D. Kent Flannery

Back 42

A

Front 43

Who defined archaeology as a science and explicitly called for the investigation of culture process?
A. François Bordes
B. Lewis Binford
C. David Clarke
D. Kent Flannery

Back 43

B

Front 44

Who argued for an analytical archaeology to investigate the past?
A. François Bordes
B. Lewis Binford
C. David Clarke
D. Kent Flannery

Back 44

C

Front 45

When was the Archaeological Resources Protection Act passed?
A. 1945
B. 1971
C. 1979
D. 1987

Back 45

C

Front 46

Lejre is located in:
A. Denmark.
B. Sweden.
C. Poland.
D. Norway.

Back 46

A

Front 47

The basic concept that archaeologists are interested in is:
A. culture.
B. the environment.
C. technology.
D. the economy

Back 47

A

Front 48

Culture:
A. operates to help us survive.
B. helps us to obtain the basic necessities of life.
C. fulfills the needs of our psyches.
D. All of the above

Back 48

D

Front 49

For approximately how long has our presence on the planet been marked primarily by cultural changes, rather than biological ones.
A. 1 million years.
B. 500,000 years.
C. 100,000 years.
D. 10,000 years

Back 49

C

Front 50

In archaeology, culture:
A. primarily involves religious practices.
B. primarily involves economic systems.
C. can refer to the generic set of behaviors and knowledge that humans share as a hallmark of our species.
D. (a) and (b) above

Back 50

C

Front 51

What is paleodemography ?
A. The study of food intake of dinosaurs and other species that lived in the past.
B. The study of prehistoric populations.
C. The study of political systems and the development of democracy.
D. The study of the economic activity of religious systems.

Back 51

B

Front 52

Which of the following elements of culture are archaeologists most interested?
A. The economy
B. Religious systems
C. Political organization
D. All of the above are of equal importance

Back 52

D

Front 53

Which of the following would Not be part of the environment?
A. Natural resources in the form of water, plants, animals, and minerals
B. Crops planted by people
C. Climate
D. Catastrophes

Back 53

B

Front 54

The Pleistocene ended about:
A. 2 million years ago.
B. 1 million years ago.
C. 100,000 years ago.
D. 10,000 years ago.

Back 54

D

Front 55

Which of the following would NOT be included in demography?
A. The number of individuals
B. Sex and age distribution
C. Birth and death rates
D. All would be included in demography

Back 55

D

Front 56

The population density of the world is:
A. about 25 person per square kilometer.
B. about 45 people per square kilometer.
C. about 75 people per square kilometer.
D. about 125 people per square kilometer.

Back 56

B

Front 57

Why are estimates of population size difficult using burial evidence?
A. Determining the age of death and sex of skeletons is extremely difficult.
B. Burials were not common until about 500 years ago.
C. Burial populations are not directly representative of the living population.
D. All of the above.

Back 57

C

Front 58

Bruce Trigger:
A. identified a means to determine the sex and age at death of skeletons by examining their ribs.
B. was the first to suggest that the environment could be studied using analysis of pollen.
C. claimed that ancient populations do not decline as a result of flooding.
D. developed a formula to predict living population from the size of the cemetery and the number of modern inhabitants.

Back 58

D

Front 59

Invention, diffusion, and migration are terms that refer to:
A. ways new materials and technologies can appear in a region.
B. different phases in the development of the use of money for trade.
C. the progression from simpler forms of religious systems to those that are more complex.
D. the typology of wheel types developed by the archaeologist Frank Wise

Back 59

A

Front 60

Reciprocity:
A. involves the exchange of items of roughly equal value.
B. does not include barter.
C. involves the movement of goods to a central place from where they are rationed or portioned out to select members of society.
D. All of the above

Back 60

A

Front 61

Social Security would be an example of:
A. reciprocity.
B. redistribution.
C. taxation.
D. trade

Back 61

B

Front 62

Trade:
A. did not occur until after the domestication of plants and animals.
B. requires the presence of a market economy.
C. involves bartering, buying, or selling goods.
D. (a) and (b) above.

Back 62

C

Front 63

Division of labor refers to:
A. how older women influence younger women in hunter and gatherer society to do more work.
B. how younger women influence older women in hunter and gatherer society to do more work.
C. how separate groups or segments of society perform different activities as part of an efficient organization of the economic process.
D. how each individuals allocates time each day to the tasks that have to be done in order to survive

Back 63

C

Front 64

Lineages:
A. are composed of living and ancestral generations of related families.
B. provide a means for calculating ones relationships through lines of ancestry from one generation to the next.
C. are specialized requirements for the transfer of leadership from one individual to the next in an orderly fashion.
D. (a) and (b) above

Back 64

D

Front 65

A moiety is comprised of:
A. a single clan.
B. two clans.
C. several clans.
D. several lineages

Back 65

B

Front 66

Sodalities:
A. are religious groups who exclude some members of society.
B. are typically composed of only men.
C. are groups or clubs within society whose members share common interests or goals.
D. (a) and (b) above

Back 66

C

Front 67

The shift from egalitarian to hierarchical structures occurred:
A. following the origins of agriculture.
B. when people started to migrate to the Americas.
C. after the invention of weaponry that could be used in warfare.
D. around 16,000 B.C.

Back 67

A

Front 68

Which of the following was NOT identified as a form of political organization?
A. Band
B. Commune
C. Tribe
D. Chiefdom

Back 68

B

Front 69

Ritual:
A. is found in virtually all societies.
B. is typically found in societies with fairly complex religious institutions.
C. is typically limited to verbal expressions.
D. All of the above.

Back 69

A

Front 70

Sedentary life began in Mesoamerica around:
A. 8,000 B.C.
B. 6,400 B.C.
C. 3,400 B.C.
D. 1,800 B.C.

Back 70

D

Front 71

Why is determining the number of inhabitants at a site difficult?
A. Calculating the size of a site is difficult because in many cases not all of a site can be excavated.
B. Huts and houses are rare at the archaeological sites before the advent of farming.
C. The presence of skeletal remains does not mean that a person lived at a site as they may have been visiting.
D. (a) and (b) above.

Back 71

D

Front 72

Ethnoarchaeology is:
A. the study of people who lived in the past by archaeologists.
B. the study of living peoples by archaeologists.
C. the study of the patterns of movements of different ethnic groups in the past.
D. the study of ethics used by archaeologists while in the field.

Back 72

B

Front 73

Which of the following is NOT a term used to describe part of the archaeological record?
A. Artifacts
B. Sites
C. Locations
D. Regions

Back 73

D

Front 74

The Linearbandkeramik farmers lived in:
A. central Europe.
B. northern Europe.
C. Russia.
D. Wisconsin

Back 74

A

Front 75

Provenience refers to:
A. the original use of an artifact.
B. the origins of the raw materials used to make an artifact.
C. whether or not an artifact can be considered authentic.
D. where an artifact was found.

Back 75

D

Front 76

The association of stone spear points and extinct bison near Folsom, New Mexico was significant because it convinced archaeologists that:
A. early humans were hunters.
B. early humans ate meat.
C. humans entered the New World thousands of years earlier.
D. (a) and (b) above.

Back 76

C

Front 77

Stone spear points from Folsom, New Mexico have been carbon dated to:
A. 12,000 B.C.
B. 8,500 B.C.
C. 6,300 B.C.
D. 4,100 B.C.

Back 77

B

Front 78

Weight, chemistry, and density would all be considered:
A. visible attributes.
B. invisible attributes.
C. attributable characteristics.
D. inherent characteristics.

Back 78

B

Front 79

A non-metric attribute of an artifact would be one that is:
A. described in words.
B. three-dimensional.
C. measured in the United States or England.
D. (b) and (c) above

Back 79

A

Front 80

Archaeological features are:
A. locations of artifacts.
B. non-portable facilities and structures that humans dig or build.
C. characteristics like size and shape.
D. details of the environment that are typically derived by geoarchaeologists.

Back 80

B

Front 81

A midden is:
A. a type of ceramic that is fired at a high temperature.
B. a collection of living quarters that act as single-family dwellings.
C. any substantial accumulation of garbage or waste at a place of human activity.
D. a type of religious structure that both holds religious activities and serves as sleeping quarters.

Back 81

C

Front 82

A short-term, temporary settlement usually associated with hunter-gatherers or nomad would be considered a:
A. camp.
B. hamlet.
C. town.
D. All of the above.

Back 82

A

Front 83

Extractive sites are:
A. those where artifacts and other material remains must be removed by digging.
B. those where care must be taken to remove skeletons before all other work can occur.
C. regions where the requisite permission to excavate has been granted.
D. non-residential localities where some members of society obtain food or other resources.

Back 83

D

Front 84

A shell midden:
A. is a specialized kind of extractive site.
B. is a dumping ground for the food remains of shell from mussels, oysters, or other species.
C. any kind of artifact made from shellfish.
D. (a) and (b) above.

Back 84

D

Front 85

How can rock art be dated?
A. Sometimes the paintings have icons which indicate dates.
B. Mineral salts behind missing flakes of pigment can be dated.
C. The tools used to make the art can be dated.
D. All of the above.

Back 85

B

Front 86

Approximately how many structures, compounds, and activity areas were recorded in the survey of Teotihuacán?
A. 800
B. 2,500
C. 5,000
D. 11,000

Back 86

C

Front 87

The protection of Teotihuacán has been threatened in recent years by the proposal to build:
A. a Wal-Mart.
B. an airport.
C. an amusement park.
D. (a) and (b) above.

Back 87

A

Front 88

Which of the following is NOT true about Agayadan Village in Alaska?
A. They had slaves.
B. There were large dwelling occupied by several nuclear families.
C. Villages were organized by ranking.
D. All of the above are true.

Back 88

D

Front 89

The houses at the site of Agayadan Village in Alaska had:
A. hearths.
B. storage pits.
C. roasting pits.
D. All of the above.

Back 89

D

Front 90

What caused the end of Agayadan Village in Alaska?
A. A five-year period of higher temperatures
B. Violent encounters with Russian whalers
C. A significant reduction in the number of salmon
D. An extremely cold winter

Back 90

B

Front 91

Michael Schiffer would refer to looting as a:
A. natural formation process.
B. cultural formation process.
C. natural transformation process.
D. cultural transformation process.

Back 91

D

Front 92

Natural transformations of archaeological material that results from plant and animal activities such as root growth or animal digging is called:
A. maturation.
B. olligutory.
C. bioturbation.
D. fastication.

Back 92

C

Front 93

What is the normal survival time for gold?
A. Dozens of years
B. Hundreds of years
C. Thousands of years
D. Millions of years

Back 93

D ?

Front 94

What is the normal survival time for bone?
A. Months to years
B. Hundreds of years
C. Thousands of years
D. Millions of years

Back 94

A

Front 95

The Windover Pond site in Florida dates to:
A. 8,000 to 7,000 years ago.
B. 6,500 to 5,500 years ago.
C. 4,000 to 3,000 years ago.
D. 2,500 to 1,500 years ago.

Back 95

A

Front 96

Which of the following is true of Ötzi the Iceman?
A. Most of his internal organs, including his eyeballs, were preserved.
B. He had tattoos.
C. His last meal included bread.
D. All of the above.

Back 96

D

Front 97

Prior to beginning fieldwork archaeologists:
A. check written materials to find out about the location.
B. check written materials to determine that similar fieldwork has not been done.
C. visit local Historical Societies or similar institutions.
D. All of the above.

Back 97

D

Front 98

Survey involves:
A. field walking to look for artifacts and sites.
B. library research to determine locations of sites.
C. interviewing of the public to learn what they know of a particular site.
D. All of the above.

Back 98

A

Front 99

Julian Steward defined the term:
A. artifact.
B. ecological constraint.
C. reconnaissance survey.
D. methodological inquiry.

Back 99

B

Front 100

Test pits:
A. are small excavations done for preliminary examination of a site.
B. are areas that are used during excavations to test the materials used to make artifacts.
C. were areas that fires were built.
D. are small incisions made in wooden artifacts to obtain material for carbon dating.

Back 100

A

Front 101

The thickness of a stratigraphic layer is determined by:
A. the length of time that it took to accumulate.
B. the natural and human activities involved in the deposition of the materials.
C. the type of rock in the deposit.
D. the amount of rain during the period when deposition occurred.

Back 101

B

Front 102

Horizontal or area excavations:
A. expose large open areas of ground, one layer at a time.
B. are intended to recover information on site arrangement and structures.
C. are intended to recover all artifacts at a given site so that an entire area or horizon of a culture can be assessed.
D. (a) and (b) above.

Back 102

D

Front 103

Secondary burials are:
A. those where a grave has been moved from one location to another.
B. ones where a person died and was covered by natural, or secondary, sediments.
C. the result of burial of some of the skeleton, after the flesh and soft tissue has disappeared.
D. those that occur from natural disasters such as mudslides of volcanic eruptions.

Back 103

A

Front 104

Which of the following typically occurs after a dig?
A. Records, artifacts, and samples must be shipped back to the home laboratory to be cataloged and prepared for analysis.
B. The writing of excavation reports and the preparation of publications occurs.
C. The excavation has to be filled up and undisturbed portions of the site protected in the best possible manner.
D. All of the above.

Back 104

D

Front 105

It is estimated that for every week of excavation there are:
A. 3 days of analysis.
B. 2 weeks of analysis.
C. 5 weeks of analysis.
D. 2 months of analysis.

Back 105

C

Front 106

Why is water screening preferred over dry screening?
A. Dry screening does not work well with dry or loose soils.
B. Water screening can release dried organic elements.
C. Water screening ensures more complete recovery.
D. Dry screening is more time consuming.

Back 106

B

Front 107

Flotation has become a standard technique at sites:
A. where carbonized plant remains are preserved.
B. with objects that were originally wet.
C. when screening is not possible.
D. under most circumstances.

Back 107

A

Front 108

Topographic maps for the United States can be obtained from:
A. the American Anthropological Society.
B. the U.S. Geological Survey.
C. the Center for American Cartography.
D. the American Mapping Center.

Back 108

B

Front 109

A contour map of an area shows:
A. the context of artifacts in relation to each other.
B. the context of ecofacts in relation to each other.
C. underground water sources.
D. the three-dimensional surface of the place.

Back 109

D

Front 110

If lines are close together on a contour maps, that means:
A. there was fairly consistent occupation at a site over time.
B. the area was fairly steep.
C. the area was fairly flat.
D. the area had many streams and rivers.

Back 110

B

Front 111

A total station:
A. is an instrument that measures both horizontal and vertical directions simultaneously.
B. is a temporary laboratory that can be set up in the field to catalog and analyze artifacts.
C. is the term used to describe a residence that served as both sleeping quarters and other functions.
D. is a repository for archaeological materials that are not housed in museums.

Back 111

A

Front 112

Portable GPS equipment can determine precise locations within:
A. a few centimeters.
B. about four inches.
C. about a foot.
D. about three feet.

Back 112

A

Front 113

GIS stands for:
A. Geological Information Systems.
B. Geographic Information Systems.
C. Graphic Imaging Systems.
D. Global Imaging Software.

Back 113

B

Front 114

"Predictive modeling":
A. relies upon GIS analysis.
B. can project where archaeological materials might be expected.
C. is less expensive than fieldwork.
D. All of the above.

Back 114

D

Front 115

Phosphate analysis may reveal:
A. where clay for pottery came from.
B. the age of pottery.
C. traces of human activity.
D. the composition of certain metals such as gold and silver.

Back 115

C

Front 116

Which of the following is NOT a technique of remote sensing from above?
A. Aerial photography
B. Satellite photography
C. Digital Photo Magnoscopy
D. Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner

Back 116

C

Front 117

The roads in Chaco Canyon, Arizona:
A. were built for economic purposes.
B. were built for religious purposes.
C. were built for connective purposes.
D. remain somewhat of a mystery as to their purpose.

Back 117

d ?

Front 118

Which of the following is NOT a means for remote sensing on the ground?
A. Magnetometer
B. Resistivity meter
C. Ground penetrating radar
D. All of the above are means for remote sensing on the ground.

Back 118

D

Front 119

Petra is located in:
A. Turkey.
B. Jordan.
C. Israel.
D. Iraq.

Back 119

B

Front 120

The term B.P. in dating means:
A. biased precision.
B. believed precision.
C. before present.
D. before primi (or before the date of the Lord, Christ).

Back 120

C

Front 121

The term m.y.a. in dating means:
A. mid-year analysis.
B. millions of years ago.
C. minus years of allowance.
D. minimal yearly accounts.

Back 121

B

Front 122

The term A.D. in dating means:
A. anno Domini, in the year of the Lord.
B. alternative dating.
C. absolute date.
D. annually determined.

Back 122

A

Front 123

Stratigraphical analysis:
A. is based upon examining layers of the earth.
B. uses the assumption that higher layers in the ground are older.
C. cannot provide relative dates.
D. All of the above.

Back 123

A

Front 124

Which of the following is true about historical records?
A. Underprivileged or minority groups are rarely mentioned.
B. Everyday citizens are usually not described.
C. Historical records are largely inaccurate.
D. (a) and (b) above.

Back 124

D

Front 125

Which of the following items can provide historical archaeologists with information on age of artifacts?
A. Coins
B. Bottles
C. Nails
D. All of the above.

Back 125

D

Front 126

When was the Gregorian calendar installed by Pope Gregory?
A. A.D. 1582
B. A.D. 1611
C. A.D. 1642
D. A.D. 1704

Back 126

A

Front 127

The earliest evidence for an awareness of time comes from approximately how many years ago?
A. 50,000
B. 15,000
C. 10,000
D. 8,000

Back 127

B

Front 128

The end of construction on the great Egyptian pyramid of Khufu at Giza dates to around
A. 4200 B.C.
B. 3,500 B.C.
C. 2500 B.C.
D. 1800 B.C.

Back 128

C

Front 129

What is the maximum age of items that dendrochronology can be used to date?
A. 600 years, as old as the longest living tree
B. 1,200 years
C. 4,000 years
D. 10,000 years

Back 129

D

Front 130

Varves are:
A. tree rings.
B. annual layers that form in lake bottoms.
C. months in the Maya calendar.
D. particles used in radiocarbon dating.

Back 130

B

Front 131

Obsidian accumulates a layer of weathering which becomes ___________ over time.
A. thicker
B. thinner
C. harder
D. softer

Back 131

A

Front 132

Who is credited with inventing tree ring dating?
A. A.E. Douglass
B. Frederick Match
C. Alonzo Sanjuarez
D. Elizabeth Jean Homebank

Back 132

A

Front 133

In Central Europe, a tree ring sequence has been established back to about:
A. 1,000 B.C.
B. 4,000 B.C.
C. 7,000 B.C.
D. 10,000 B.C.

Back 133

C

Front 134

Radiocarbon dating was developed in:
A. 191
B. 193
C. 1949.
D. 196

Back 134

C

Front 135

Approximately how many tons of Carbon-14 are produced each year?
A. 13 pounds
B. 13 tons
C. 13,000 tons
D. 13 million tons

Back 135

A

Front 136

What is the half-life of Carbon-14?
A. 487 years
B. 5,730 years
C. 9,742 years
D. 11,665 years

Back 136

B

Front 137

What is the age limit for radiocarbon dating?
A. 4,000 years
B. 5,730 years
C. 22,000 years
D. 40,000 years

Back 137

D

Front 138

Accelerator Mass Spectrometers are used for:
A. duplicating samples so that carbon dating can occur.
B. counting carbon atoms.
C. cleaning objects so that carbon dating can occur.
D. (a) and (c) above.

Back 138

B

Front 139

How much material is required to perform carbon dating when AMS are used?
A. 1 gram
B. .1 grams
C. .01 grams
D. .001 grams.

Back 139

C

Front 140

AMS revealed that the Shroud of Turin was from:
A. about 100 years prior to the time of Christ.
B. around the time of Christ.
C. the first century A.D.
D. about A.D. 1300.

Back 140

D

Front 141

Which of the following is true with respect to calibration of radiocarbon dates?
A. Dates need to be calibrated since potassium levels affect carbon measurements.
B. Dates need to be calibrated since radiocarbon dates overestimates the age of samples.
C. Dates for certain kinds of plants or marine organisms are affected by the marine reservoir effect.
D. All of the above.

Back 141

C

Front 142

Who developed radiopotassium dating?
A. Alexander Marshall
B. Garniss Curtis
C. Hector Martinez
D. Judith Henderton

Back 142

B

Front 143

Radiopotassium dating is used on:
A. wood.
B. bones.
C. volcanic ash.
D. All of the above.

Back 143

C ?

Front 144

Who discovered the footprints at Laetoli?
A. Mary Leakey
B. Louis Leakey
C. Richard Leakey
D. Meave Leakey

Back 144

A

Front 145

The earliest stone tools date back approximately how many years ago?
A. 5 million
B. 3 million
C. 1 million
D. 500,000

Back 145

B

Front 146

Prior to about 5,000 years ago, most tools with cutting edges were made of:
A. copper.
B. iron.
C. steel.
D. stone.

Back 146

D

Front 147

When did the Bronze age in Scandinavia begin?
A. About 5,000 B.C.
B. About 3,800 B.C.
C. About 2,500 B.C.
D. About 1,000 B.C.

Back 147

C

Front 148

The technique for making stone tools by intentionally removing a series of flakes is called:
A. flaking.
B. knapping.
C. hafting.
D. (a) and (b) above.

Back 148

D

Front 149

Fracture mechanics is the concept used to describe:
A. the force used to strike an object.
B. how materials break.
C. how stone tool residue leads to the creation of archaeological sites.
D. the study of where raw material for stone tools are found.

Back 149

B

Front 150

Which of the following features assist stone tool manufacture?
A. Stone that is brittle enough to break
B. Stone that is hard and smooth enough to provide a good cutting edge
C. Fine-grained stone so that it will break in a predictable manner
D. All of the above.

Back 150

D

Front 151

Why is fine-grained stone necessary for tool manufacture?
A. The tool makers need to be able to hold the stone.
B. Stones should not break into hundreds of shattered fragments.
C. Polishing is made easier.
D. All of the above.

Back 151

B

Front 152

What is the difference between a nodule and a core?
A. The terms are interchangeable.
B. Cores have flakes taken out of them.
C. Nodule are made from volcanic material.
D. Cores are larger.

Back 152

B

Front 153

Which material was most commonly used in prehistory for making tools?
A. Chert
B. Obsidian
C. Jasper
D. Quartzite

Back 153

A

Front 154

The bulbar surface is:
A. the inner, fresh surface of a flake.
B. the point on the core where force was applied to remove a flake.
C. the outer surface of a flake.
D. the residue left over from a strike.

Back 154

A

Front 155

A flake can be removed from a core by:
A. pressure.
B. a blow.
C. a knock.
D. (a) and (b) above.

Back 155

D

Front 156

The term hard hammer refers to:
A. any hammer made from metal.
B. the use of a hammer of equal or greater hardness than the core.
C. a hammer made from chert.
D. a hammer made from volcanic rock.

Back 156

B

Front 157

The French word débitage is often used to describe:
A. pieces of antler or bone that were used as soft hammers.
B. waste material created when stone tools are manufactured.
C. cuts on fingers that often occur when flintknapping.
D. the smallest flakes created by pressure flaking.

Back 157

B

Front 158

A projective point would be considered a:
A. killing tool.
B. bifacial tool.
C. accessory tool.
D. compound tool.

Back 158

B

Front 159

The re-assembling of the original parent cores and tools that were used and broken on a site is called:
A. retro-analysis.
B. conjoining.
C. post-production analysis.
D. mentalling.

Back 159

B

Front 160

A hand axe is a:
A. large core tool.
B. small flaked tool.
C. tool with a wooden handle.
D. tool that appears around 500,000 years ago for the first time.

Back 160

A

Front 161

Hand axes were probably used for:
A. cutting.
B. sawing.
C. bashing.
D. All of the above.

Back 161

D

Front 162

Acheulean tools were named after a town in:
A. Spain.
B. France.
C. Italy.
D. Greece.

Back 162

B

Front 163

Hand axes made with hard hammer exhibit:
A. thin, symmetrical edges.
B. even, thick edges.
C. many broken edges.
D. sinuous, or wavy, irregular edges.

Back 163

D

Front 164

The Middle Paleolithic is characterized by what kinds of tools?
A. Hand axes and related types
B. A multitude of flake tools such as scrapers, burins, and points
C. Blade technology
D. Precision technology

Back 164

B

Front 165

Which of the following is true about New World artifact types?
A. Most of the artifacts are unifacial tools.
B. Blades were significant very early on.
C. Most blades were projectile points.
D. All of the above.

Back 165

C

Front 166

Which term refers to the steps in the process of production?
A. Productive analysis
B. Châne opératoire
C. Modular analysis
D. Stepwise confirmation

Back 166

B

Front 167

What is the difference between typology and châne opératoire?
A. Typology focuses on function while châne opératoire focuses on materials.
B. Châne opératoire looks at the entire production sequence.
C. Typology is a more precise way to organize artifacts.
D. Typology is limited to stone tool analysis while chane opratoire includes other kinds of materials.

Back 167

B

Front 168

Which of the following is not a stage in the life history of an artifact?
A. Conceptualization
B. Procurement of raw materials
C. Technology used to make the tool
D. All of the above are stages in the life history of an artifact.

Back 168

A

Front 169

A curated tool:
A. is made quickly.
B. requires specific raw materials.
C. are relatively general purpose.
D. All of the above.

Back 169

B

Front 170

Archaeologists practice refitting with all of the following objects except:
A. lithics.
B. pottery.
C. bone.
D. All of the above can be subject to refitting.

Back 170

D

Front 171

How old is site of Terra Armata?
A. 1 million years old
B. 500,000 years old
C. 250,000 years old
D. 100,000 years old

Back 171

C

Front 172

Microwear analysis of tools from Koobi Fora indicated that they were being used for:
A. cutting meat.
B. slicing soft plant material.
C. scraping of wood.
D. All of the above.

Back 172

D

Front 173

Archaeology is the study of our human past, using the material remains that have survived.

Back 173

T

Front 174

Biological anthropologists study primates.

Back 174

T

Front 175

Archaeologists only study societies without written records.

Back 175

F

Front 176

All archaeological sites are protected under the law.

Back 176

F

Front 177

Evolution is one of the fundamental concepts in natural and biological science.

Back 177

T

Front 178

Because of culture, humans are not subject to natural selection.

Back 178

F

Front 179

The Supreme Court ruled that creationism was religious and therefore could not be promoted in public schools.

Back 179

T

Front 180

All hunter-gatherer societies disappeared about 4,000 years ago.

Back 180

F

Front 181

Wood and bone tools dating to about 1 m.y.a. have been recovered in Africa.

Back 181

F

Front 182

The key to making stone tools is to use a raw material that will break in a predictable way and produce a sharp edge.

Back 182

T

Front 183

Volcanic rock was rarely used to make stone tools.

Back 183

F

Front 184

The hammer and anvil method for manufacturing stone tools is performed when the core is held in the hand and struck against a rock fixed in the ground.

Back 184

T

Front 185

As compared to indirect percussion, direct percussion allows the flintknapper to have better control on the location of the removal.

Back 185

F

Front 186

The technique for further shaping flakes, blades, and other pieces into specific forms is called master altering.

Back 186

F

Front 187

All of the hand axes from East Africa are of the same type.

Back 187

.

Front 188

The bow and arrow came relatively late to the New World.

Back 188

T

Front 189

There is a relationship between how long hunter-gatherers remain at a location and the diversity of tool types found.

Back 189

.

Front 190

Based on the refitting study at Terra Armata, it appears that there were about 16 periods of activity at the site.

Back 190

F

Front 191

Hand axes were used for many purposes.

Back 191

T

Front 192

Different materials leave different kinds of traces in the form of polish on the edges of tools.

Back 192

.

Front 193

Napoleon’s engineers and scientists recorded the achievements of the pharaohs from Egypt.

Back 193

.

Front 194

William Matthew Flinders Petrie demonstrated the importance of stratigraphic excavation and comparative artifact analysis.

Back 194

.

Front 195

Thomas Jefferson was an archaeologist in addition to many other things.

Back 195

T

Front 196

Jefferson’s excavations near the Rivanna River were fairly sound from a methodological standpoint.

Back 196

.

Front 197

Southern Mesopotamia has sufficient rainfall to allow for the development of large cities and states without reliance on irrigation.

Back 197

.

Front 198

Post-processual archaeologists suggested that the discipline should return to a search for major discoveries, instead of focusing on the processing of artifacts.

Back 198

.

Front 199

Optimal foraging theory would be considered an evolutionary and/or an environmental approach to archaeology.

Back 199

F

Front 200

The amount of funding expended in heritage preservation is estimated to be 20-50 times that available for academic research.

Back 200

T

Front 201

The Archaeological Resources Protection Act allowed fines to be imposed up to $100,000.

Back 201

T ?

Front 202

In archaeology, it is essential to define the questions to be answered before beginning any research.

Back 202

.

Front 203

According to Albert Spaulding, there are clear and certain methods of producing good ideas.

Back 203

.

Front 204

Biological evolution alone can explain the culturally acquired traits of the human species.

Back 204

F

Front 205

Climate change and catastrophic events also shape human culture and society.

Back 205

T

Front 206

At the Black Earth site, female graves contained the majority of the grave goods of all types and most of the ornamental and ceremonial items.

Back 206

F

Front 207

Kinship defines the relationship between individual members in society based on family ties.

Back 207

.

Front 208

Higher status is often reflected archaeologically in more elaborate and valued material possessions.

Back 208

.

Front 209

The tribe level of political organization is usually associated with a hunter-gatherer mode of subsistence.

Back 209

F

Front 210

Sites often contain a number of regions.

Back 210

F

Front 211

Objects that have been moved from their original place of deposition are in secondary context and less useful for learning about the past.

Back 211

T

Front 212

Most archaeologists now believe that humans originally arrived in the Americas around 10,000 years ago.

Back 212

.

Front 213

Burials are a specific kind of feature.

Back 213

T

Front 214

Features must be studied in the field since they are fixed in place.

Back 214

T

Front 215

Archaeological sites can be underwater.

Back 215

T

Front 216

Rock art in the United States is typically limited to the southwest.

Back 216

.

Front 217

Studies of region or landscapes can include regions the size of a state.

Back 217

.

Front 218

Teotihuacán is known as the city of the moons.

Back 218

.

Front 219

There were significant differences between households at the site of Agayadan Village in Alaska.

Back 219

.

Front 220

Very dry or very wet conditions lead to a reduced chance of preservation.

Back 220

T

Front 221

The Center for American Archaeology is a religious-based organization that seeks to dispel evidence supporting evolutionary theory.

Back 221

.

Front 222

Instrumental surveying to make maps and plans of the places and areas of interest is part of archaeological survey methods.

Back 222

.

Front 223

A complete reconnaissance of the entire area under investigation must be done prior to any other fieldwork.

Back 223

T

Front 224

Preliminary examination of a site usually involves making a few small excavations to preview the site.

Back 224

T

Front 225

Accurate mapping of layers and artifacts is only important when aerial photography of a site is not available.

Back 225

F

Front 226

The United States Geological Survey has placed fixed points all over the country so that surveyors can measure from them and establish the elevation, latitude, and longitude of a place.

Back 226

T

Front 227

Physical and chemical analysis of soil can provide useful information to archaeologists.

Back 227

T

Front 228

Metal detectors are of limited value since non-metallic objects are not detected and since most archaeological sites in North America do not contain metals.

Back 228

T

Front 229

Accurate dating has been around for about 120 years, since seriation was developed.

Back 229

.

Front 230

Chronology has been referred to as the backbone of archaeology.

Back 230

.

Front 231

Relative chronologies are not very useful in archaeology.

Back 231

F

Front 232

Most of the known calendrical systems have minor errors or inaccuracies, requiring some correction.

Back 232

.

Front 233

When the Spanish conquered this area, the Maya calendar was reported to be more accurate than the European one.

Back 233

T

Front 234

Radiocarbon dating can be used on objects that are as little as a few hundred years old.

Back 234

.

Front 235

Archaeomagnetism relies on the continual shifting of the location of the North Pole over the last several thousand years.

Back 235

.

Front 236

Wider tree rings are produced during years of poor rainfall.

Back 236

F

Front 237

Carbon-14 makes up a little under 99 percent of all the carbon on the earth.

Back 237

.

Front 238

All radiocarbon dates before present are calculated from A.D. 1950 by convention.

Back 238

T

Front 239

There has been a constant amount of Carbon-14 in the atmosphere over time.

Back 239

F

Front 240

Radiopotassium dating can date the oldest rocks on the planet.

Back 240

.

Front 241

The brain size of the earliest human ancestors was not larger than that of the modern apes.

Back 241

T

Front 242

Also know: Summary of first primates and our closest non-human primate cousins

Back 242

.

Front 243

ALSO KNOW:
• Hominid evolution (and the interplay between biology, culture and climate/environment)

Back 243

.

Front 244

ALSO KNOW:
• The basics of: (dates, locations, tool industry, physical changes between species, what they did – i.e., made tools, left Africa, adapted to XX environment, etc.)
o A. ramidus
o Australopithicines
o H. habilis
o H.ergaster
o H. erectus
o H. heidelbergensis
o H. s. neandertalensis
o H. s. sapiens

Back 244

.