Intro To Anthropology

Front 1

Anthropomorphism

Back 1

attributing human qualities or characteristics(to non-human entities)

Front 2

Anthropocentrism

Back 2

giving central primacy to humans

Front 3

Ethnography

Back 3

Cultural study based on single site mapping ordescriptive writing

Front 4

Ethnology

Back 4

Cultural study based on comparative analysis

Front 5

Culture

Back 5

Shared, learned behavior and knowledge

Front 6

Culture Shock

Back 6

Feelings of alienation and helplessness fromrapid immersion in a new culture

Front 7

Cultural Determinism

Back 7

belief that cultural has larger role indetermining observed behavior

Front 8

Biological Determinism

Back 8

belief that biology has larger role indetermining observed behavior

Front 9

Biological Objections to the “Race” Concept

Back 9

) genetic variation 2) morphological variation3) no definition for subspecies 4) high cross-cultural variation (historicalcircumstances)

Front 10

Racism

Back 10

doctrine of superiority of one race overanother by projection of an “Other”

Front 11

Eugenics

Back 11

Manipulationof human populations to encourage some features or genes while activelydiscouraging others through selective access to successful reproduction; philosophyof “race improvement” through the forced sterilization of some groups and theencouraged reproduction of others

Front 12

Anthropology

Back 12

studyof mankind or humankind· Linguistic anthropology (alsoanthropological linguistics)· Cultural anthropology (alsosocial or sociocultural anthropology)· Biological anthropology (alsophysical anthropology)o Primatologyo Forensicanthropology· Archaeology Humanpaleontology (paleoanthropology)

Front 13

Prejudice

Back 13

– a preconceived view, or view created beforefacts are known, or a view that runs contrary to observable facts

Front 14

Stereotype

Back 14

oversimplification associated with key featuresand disproportionate exaggeration of truth, which draws from underlyingstructures of political-economic or authoritative inequality

Front 15

Ecological Fallacy

Back 15

Assumption that information about theindividual can be directly extrapolated from information about the group (thatobservations at the group level can be directly transferred to the individuallevel)

Front 16

Gene Flow

Back 16

Transferof genes from one population to another through migration

Front 17

Genetic Drift

Back 17

Changein gene frequency within a population over time

Front 18

Bottleneck Effect

Back 18

––changes in gene frequencies associated with dramatic change in population sizeor dynamics

Front 19

Founder’s Effect

Back 19

· –changes in gene frequencies associated with one portion of a populationseparating itself from the larger population

Front 20

Evolutionary Theory

Back 20

Theorythat populations change based on principles of natural selection

Front 21

Natural Selection

Back 21

Disproportionaterates of survival defined by reproductive success

Front 22

Fitness

Back 22

–––Ability to successfully reproduce

Front 23

Selective Pressure

Back 23

· Consequenceof specific factors which the ability of some populations to successfullyreproduce at a greater rate than other populations

Front 24

Fixity of Species

Back 24

–belief that species do not change and are same as when first created

Front 25

Species

Back 25

–biological category defined by the ability to reproduce with fertile offspring

Front 26

Binomial Nomenclature

Back 26

–Standard practice naming biological organisms by genus and species

Front 27

Catastrophism

Back 27

–Suggests variation in fossil record to be a result of successive destructionand recreation from divine entity (God)

Front 28

Uniformitarianism

Back 28

–Suggests that natural forces shaping the geological Earth now are more or lessthe same as they were thousands of years ago

Front 29

Adaptation

Back 29

· –population-based change involving natural selection (long-term change)

Front 30

Acclimatization

Back 30

· –individual-basedchange involving physiological response (short-term)

Front 31

Sexual Dimorphism

Back 31

–degree of physical difference between males and females in a species

Front 32

Scientific Method

Back 32

–does not prove anything, must be refutable, attempts to objectively support

Front 33

Human Variation

Back 33

waysin which human populations differ biologically in reference to specificcharacteristics or genetics· Lactoseintolerance· Heightand weight· Melanin

Front 34

Colony

Back 34

–separate territory under political control of a nation-state

Front 35

Colonialism

Back 35

–political process of maintaining prolonged domination over a foreign territory

Front 36

Joint Stock Company

Back 36

–a firm managed by a board of directors but owned by shareholders

Front 37

MonoculturePlantation

Back 37

–agricultural plantation specializing in large-scale production of a single cropfor purpose of market competitiveness

Front 38

Crowd diseases

Back 38

diseaseswhich require a large population reservoir and certain population densities inorder to develop and flourish

Front 39

Important crowd diseaseswhich helped Europe gain control over the Americas:

Back 39

· Tuberculosis,smallpox, measles, and influenza

Front 40

Two reasons crowddiseases did not develop in the Americas:

Back 40

· Populationdensity lower in the Americas· Populationsin the Americas were not living in close quarters with herding animals

Front 41

Taxonomy (Humans) basic

Back 41

Life: Biota

Domain:Eukaryote

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Chordata

Class:Mammalia

Order:Primates

Family:Hominidae

Genus:Homo

Species:H. sapiens