Intro To Anatomy And Atomic Structure

Front 1

Define Anatomy

Back 1

is the science of body structures and the relationships among them

Front 2

Define Physiology

Back 2

is the science of body functions—how the body parts work

Front 3

What are the 6 levels of structural organization of the body.

Back 3

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, and Organismal

Front 4

Name the structure that is found at each level of the body's organization, and give an example of each.

Back 4

Chemical - atoms/molecules, example DNA
Cellular - cells, ex. muscle cells
Tissue - tissues (groups of cells), ex. connective tissue
Organ - organs (groups of tissues), ex. liver
System - group of organs, ex. digestive
Organismal - an organism, ex. human

Front 5

Name the 11 organ systems in the human body

Back 5

muscular, integumentary, nervous, digestive, circulatory, urinary, respiratory, lymphatic, endocrine, reproductive, skeletal

Front 6

Integumentary System

Back 6

organ system that includes hair, skin, and nails and protects the body from pathogens and maintains homeostasis

Front 7

Muscular System

Back 7

includes the muscle tissues, and gives support, structure, and movement throughout the body

Front 8

Nervous System

Back 8

consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves and regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli

Front 9

Digestive System

Back 9

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients; removes wastes

Front 10

Circulatory System

Back 10

body system consisting of the heart and blood vessels that circulate blood through the body

Front 11

Urinary System

Back 11

removes waste products from blood and maintains water balance within body

Front 12

Respiratory System

Back 12

system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs

Front 13

Lymphatic System

Back 13

a network of structures which drains fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to the blood

Front 14

Endocrine System

Back 14

collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood which regulate growth, development, and homeostasis

Front 15

Reproductive System

Back 15

system of organs involved in producing offspring

Front 16

Skeletal System

Back 16

the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body

Front 17

chemical element

Back 17

a substance which can not be broken down by chemical means

Front 18

atom

Back 18

the smallest particle of an element

Front 19

atomic number

Back 19

the number of protons in an atom

Front 20

mass number

Back 20

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

Front 21

electron configuration

Back 21

the arrangement of electrons in an atom

Front 22

electron shell

Back 22

an energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom

Front 23

energy level

Back 23

place in an atom where an electron is most likely to be found

Front 24

valence shell

Back 24

outermost electron shell

Front 25

valence electron

Back 25

An electron in the outermost electron shell.

Front 26

octet rule

Back 26

States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

Front 27

ion

Back 27

atom that has a positive or negative charge

Front 28

cation

Back 28

a positively charged ion

Front 29

anion

Back 29

a negatively charged ion

Front 30

molecule

Back 30

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Front 31

molecular formula

Back 31

a chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of atoms

Front 32

4 elements that make up >96% of the body

Back 32

Oxygen (0)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)

Front 33

Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe

Back 33

3.9% of the body is made up of these
Ca - calcium
P - Phosphorus
K - Potassium
S - Sulfur
Na - Sodium
Cl - Chlorine
Mg - Magnesium
Fe - Iron

Front 34

Atomic structure

Back 34

the three basic particles that an atom is made up of; protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (-)

Front 35

maximum number of electrons that can be held in each electron shell

Back 35

1st level - 2 max
2nd level - 8 max
3rd level - 18 max

Front 36

Explain why atoms with valence shells that contain less/more than 8 electrons (or 2 for
the first shell) tend to interact with other atoms, and describe the result of these
interactions

Back 36

two or more atoms can interact in ways that produce a chemically stable arrangement of eight valence electrons for each atom. This chemical principle, called the octet rule (octet = set of eight), helps explain why atoms interact in predictable ways. One atom is more likely to interact with another atom if doing so will leave both with eight valence electrons

Front 37

Explain why the inert gases (column on far right of periodic table) do not participate in
chemical reactions

Back 37

non reactive, eight electrons in outer shell, they do bond but it's rare

Front 38

Know which atoms will tend to form ions

Back 38

atoms with 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons will
tend to form cations,

atoms with 7 will tend to form anions.

Front 39

free radicals

Back 39

chemicals produced randomly during normal cell metabolism that bond easily to other substances inside cells, causing cell damage that impairs functioning. Formation can be prevented with antioxidants such as vitamins A, C, and E.