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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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the distinctive and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that make up an individual's personal style of interacting with the physical and social environment
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Introversion-Extraversion
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degree to which a person's basic orientation is turned inward toward the self or outward toward the external world
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Neuroticism (stability-instability)
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a dimension or emotionality, with moody, anxious, temperamental, and maladjusted individuals at the neurotic or unstable end, and calm, well-adjusted individuals at the other
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The "Big Five"
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five trait dimensions that capture most of what we mean by personality (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)
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Personality inventories
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Questionnaires that assess personality
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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one of the most popular of all personality inventories
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Q-sort
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a rater or sorter describes an individual's personality by sorting a set of approximately 100 cards into piles
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Psychoanalytic theory
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much of what we think and do is driven by unconscious processes
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Free association
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a patient is instructed to say everything that comes to mind, regardless of how trivial or embarrassing it may seem
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Conscious
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our current awareness
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Preconscious
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all the information that is not currently "on our mind" but that we could bring into consciousness if called upon to do so
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Unconscious
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a storehouse of impulses, wishes, and inaccessible memories that affect our thoughts and behavior
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Psychological determinism
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the doctrine that all thoughts, emotions, and actions have causes
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Libido
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constant amount of psychic energy for any given individual
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Defense mechanisms
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strategies for preventing or reducing anxiety
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Repression
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impulses or memories that are too frightening or painful are excluded from conscious awareness
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Rationalization
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assignment of logical or socially desirable motives to what we do so that we seem to have acted rationally
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Reaction Formation
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individuals can conceal a motive from themselves by giving strong expression to the opposite motive
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Projection
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protects us from recognizing our own undesirable qualities by assigning them to other people in exaggerated amounts
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Intellectualization
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an attempt to gain detachment from a stressful situation by dealing with it in abstract, intellectual terms
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Denial
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refusing to acknowledge that the undesired reality exists
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Displacement
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a motive that cannot be gratified in one form is directed into a new channel
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Collective unconscious
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a part of the mind that is common to all humans, consisting of primordial images or archetypes inherited from our ancestors
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Projective test
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presents an ambiguous stimulus to which a person may respond as he or she wishes. Because the stimulus is ambiguous and does not demand a specific response, it is assumed that the individual projects his or her personality onto the stimulus and thus reveals something about him/herself
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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participant is shown ambiguous pictures of people and scenes and asked to make up a story about each picture
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Behaviorist approach
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emphasizes the importance of environmental, or situational, determinants of behavior
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Operant conditioning
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the type of learning that occurs when we learn the associations between our behaviors and certain outcomes
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Observational learning
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people can learn by observing the actions of others, and noting the consequences of those actions
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Classical conditioning
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type of learning that occurs when specific situations become associated with specific outcomes
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Cognitive approach
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general empirical approach and a set of topics related to how people process info about themselves and the world
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Social-learning theorists
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believe internal cognitive processes influence behavior, as well as observation of the behaviors of others and the environment in which behavior occurs
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Social-cognitive theory
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reciprocal determinism, in which external determinants (such as beliefs, thoughts, and expectations) are part of a system of interacting influences that affect both behavior and other parts of the system
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Personal constructs
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the dimensions that individuals themselves use to interpret themselves and their social worlds
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Schema
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cognitive structure that helps us perceive, organize, process, and utilize info
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Self-schema
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cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from past experience, that organize and guide the processing of self-related info
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Actualizing tendency
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a tendency toward fulfillment or actualization of all the capacities of the organization
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Self
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all the ideas, perceptions, and values that characterize "I" or "me" including the awareness of "what I am" and "what I can do"
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Unconditional positive regard
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being given the sense of being valued by others even when one's feelings, attitudes, and behaviors are less than ideal
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Peak experiences
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transient moments of self-actualization characterized by happiness and fulfillment - a temporary, nonstriving, non-self-centered state of goal attainment
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Evolutionary psychology
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behaviors that increased the organism's chances of surviving and reproducing would be selected for evolutionary history and thus would become aspects of humans' personalities
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Reactive interaction
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different individuals who are exposed to the same environment interpret, experience, and react to it differenty
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Evocation interaction
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every individual's personality evokes distinctive responses from others
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Proactive interaction
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as children grow older, they can move beyond the environments provided by their parents and begin to select and construct environments of their own
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