Intro Psych Ch 10

Front 1

Motivation

Back 1

a condition that energizes behavior and gives it direction

Front 2

Drive theories of motivation

Back 2

Theories which emphasize the role of internal factors in motivation

Front 3

Incentive theories of motivation

Back 3

Emphasize the motivational role of external events or objects of desire

Front 4

Primary reinforcers

Back 4

Incentives which act as rewards independently of prior learning

Front 5

Secondary reinforcers

Back 5

Incentives which gain their status as rewards at least partly through learning about their relationship to other events

Front 6

Incentive motivation

Back 6

wanting something

Front 7

Affect

Back 7

the entire range of consciously experienced pleasure and displeasure

Front 8

Incentive salience

Back 8

objects and events become linked with anticipated affect, which grabs attention and steers seeking behavior

Front 9

Wanting

Back 9

the anticipation of pleasure, as in cravings

Front 10

Liking

Back 10

the pleasure that you experience in the moment

Front 11

The brain's dopamine system

Back 11

neurons using the transmitter dopamine to convey messages lie in the upper brain stem and send their axons through the nucleus accumbens and up to the prefrontal cortex.

Front 12

Addiction

Back 12

a pattern of compulsive and destructive drug-taking behavior

Front 13

Tolerance

Back 13

the need for a greater amount of a drug to achieve the same euphoria

Front 14

Withdrawl

Back 14

intensely aversive reaction to the cessation of drug use

Front 15

Neural sensitization

Back 15

dopamine neurons will be activated more highly by drugs and drug-related stimuli

Front 16

Homeostasis

Back 16

constant internal state

Front 17

Set point

Back 17

the value that the homeostatic system tries to maintain

Front 18

Thirst

Back 18

psychological manifestation of the need for water

Front 19

Extracellular Thirst

Back 19

occurs when bodies lose water because we have gone without drinking or have exercised intensively

Front 20

Intracellular Thirst

Back 20

caused by osmosis - the tendency of water to move from zones where it is plentiful to zones where it is relatively rare

Front 21

Conditional Aversion

Back 21

new associative memories cause food to be experienced as unpleasant

Front 22

Conditioned satiety

Back 22

hypothesis that fullness felt after a meal is at least in part a product of learning

Front 23

Alliesthesia

Back 23

any external stimulus that corrects an internal trouble is experienced as pleasurable (ie, food tastes better when you're hungry)

Front 24

Lateral hypothalamic syndrom

Back 24

apparent total lack of hunger produced by destruction of the lateral hypothalamus

Front 25

Ventromedial Hypothalamic syndrome

Back 25

Extreme appetites produced by lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus

Front 26

Obese

Back 26

30% or more in excess of one's appropriate body weight

Front 27

Anorexia Nervosa

Back 27

an eating disorder characterized by extreme, self-imposed weight loss - at least 15% of the individual's minimum normal weight

Front 28

Bulimia

Back 28

an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating (rapid consumption of a large amount of food in a discrete period of time), followed by attempts to purge the excess by means of vomiting or laxatives

Front 29

objectification theory

Back 29

a socio-cultural account of how being raised in a culture that sexually objectifies the female body fundamentally alters girls' and women's self-views and well-being

Front 30

Self-objectification

Back 30

a person thinks about and values her own body more from a third-person perspective, focusing on observable body attributes, rather than from a first-person perspective, focusing on privileged, or unobservable body attributes

Front 31

Gender identity

Back 31

males come to think of themselves as males and females as females

Front 32

Androgenization

Back 32

Influence of androgen on gender (more= male genitals, less=female)

Front 33

Sexual orientation

Back 33

the degree to which a person is sexually attracted to people of the other sex and/or to people of the same sex

Front 34

Exotic-becomes-erotic

Back 34

theory that posits a critical, albiet more limited role for biology in determining sexual orientation

Front 35

Imptrinting

Back 35

early rapid learning that allows a newborn (or newly hatched) animal to develop an attachment to its mother