Intro Journalism Exam 1

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Walter Lippmann

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(1889-1974) Journalist, a media critic and a philosopher who argued that true democracy is a goal that could not be reached in a complex, industrial world.

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Stereotypes

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"mental cookie cutters"--they force a simple pattern upon a complex mass and assign a limited number of characteristics to all members of a group. Blacks, Jews, Arabs, Native Americans, Gays….

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Stereotypes: Arabs

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The word Arabs is used to describe an individual from the Middle East.  Despite the fact that these individuals are from different countries, with diverse cultures, beliefs and a variety of religions, they are characterized by one term, "Arabs."  The word Arabs reduces individuals and countries to a distinct target,  open to stereotypes and bias.According to Shaheen (1984), "The present day Arab stereotype parallels the image of Jews in pre-Nazi Germany, where Jews were painted as dark, shifty-eyed, venal and threateningly different people."

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Positive Stereotype Examples

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Asians have high IQs.
African Americans can dance.
French are romantic.
Italians are good lovers.

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Characteristics of Stereotypes

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Erroneous and Resistant to Change

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Popular Stereotypes

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images which are shared by those who hold a common cultural mindset--they are the way a culture defines and labels a specific group of people.”

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Where do Stereotypes come from?

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The media: Images of people, Images of places, Images of motive, Images of goals

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Copyright

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a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to the authors of “original works of authorship,” including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works.

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What copyright prevents us from doing.

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1. reproduce the work in copies or phonorecords 2. prepare derivative works based upon the work 3. distribute copies or phonorecords of the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending 4. perform the work publicly, in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works 5. display the work publicly 6. In the case of sound recordings, to perform the work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission

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Change in Copyright Laws

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1978--A work created after January 1, 1978, is automatically protected from the moment of its creation and is protected for the author’s life plus an additional 70 years after the author’s death.
2.For works made for hire, and for anonymous and pseudonymous works, the duration of copyright is 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation.

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Copyright "Fair Use"

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for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright

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"Fair Use" Determining Factors

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(1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
(2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

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Cylinder Press

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(1830s): Allowed for printing of numerous copies quickly. Penny Press used this technology

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Rotary Press

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(late 1840s): Precursor to modern newspaper press (type is on a rotating drum, paper on a large roll)

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Linotype

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(1880's) Automated type setting

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Computers

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(1970's) Reporter set type, Backshop not needed (unions)

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First Newspaper Published in Colonies

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1690: Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick

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Colonial Paper Characteristics

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Papers often run by postmasters
Content: Foreign news, philosophical essays, letters, bad poetry, advertising, Information was badly dated, Dull layout, Generally looked to England for approval, Coverage was non-controversial because of British censorship

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The Courant

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(1721) The Courant was the first American newspaper to supply readers with what they liked and needed, rather than with information controlled by self-interested officials.  Its style was bold and its literary quality high

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Pennsylvania Gazette

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1729: Ben Franklin's-- the best newspaper in the colonies with the largest circulation, most pages, highest income from advertising and most literary columns

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1st Amendment

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; of abridging the freedom of speech, or the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances

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The Penny Press

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1832: Benjamin Day publisher of the New York Sun changed newspapering forever

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History of Journalism: The Civil War

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War correspondence:use of datelines and bylines; Reporters and the telegraph: Inverted pyramid; Mathew Brady: Photojournalism

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History of Journalism: "Yellow Journalism"

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Characteristics:
scare headlines in huge print, often of minor news
lavish use of pictures or imaginary drawings
use of faked interviews, misleading headlines, pseudo-science, and a parade of false learning from so-called experts
emphasis on full-color Sunday supplements, usually with comic strips
dramatic sympathy with the "underdog" against the system.

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Hearst vs Pulitzer

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1883: Joseph Pulitzer buys the New York World
1896: Hearst buys the failing New York Morning Journal (New Your Journal)

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Muckrakers

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The term "muckraker" was first used in a speech on April 14, 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt
The term eventually came to be used to depict investigative journalists who exposed the dark corners and all the corruption of American public life, especially in corporate America.

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Famous Muckrakers (past)

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Samuel Hopkins Adams (1871–1958) — The Great American Fraud, exposed false claims about patent medicines
Nellie Bly (1864 – 1922) Ten Days in a Mad-House
Henry Demarest Lloyd (1847-1903) - Wealth Against Commonwealth, exposed the corruption within the Standard Oil Company
Westbrook Pegler (1894–1969) — exposed crime in labor unions in 1940s
Charles Edward Russell (1860–1941) — investigated Beef Trust, Georgia's prison
George Seldes (1890–1995) — Freedom of the Press (1935) and Lords of the Press (1938), blacklisted during the 1950s period of McCarthyism.
Upton Sinclair (1878–1968) — The Jungle (1906), U.S. meat-packing industry, and the books in the "Dead Hand" series that critique the institutions (journalism, education, etc.) that could but did not prevent these abuses.
Ida M. Tarbell (1857 – 1944) exposé, The History of the Standard Oil Company 

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Famous Muckrakers (present)

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Wayne Barrett— investigative journalist wrote on mystique and misdeeds in Rudy Giuliani’s conduct as mayor of New York City, Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11 (2006)
John Howard Griffin (1920–1980) — white journalist who disguised himself as a black man to write about racial injustice in the south, Black Like Me (1961)
Seymour Hersh—My Lai massacre, Israeli nuclear weapons program, Abu Graid abuses
Malcolm Johnson — exposed organized crime on the New York waterfront
Ralph Nader— consumer rights advocate; Unsafe at Any Speed (1965), exposed unsafe automobile manufacturing
Dr. Hunter S. Thompson (1937–2005) — American journalist and author credited with the invention of gonzo journalism (journalism written subjectively, reporter often part of the story, often combines fact and fiction to make a point)

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History of Journalism: World War I

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Censoring the Press-- Committee on Public Information, Espionage/Sedition Acts, Voluntary Censorship Codes

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History of Journalism: World War II

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War Correspondents: Ernie Pyle and Margaret Bourke White

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The perennial issues involving news.

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Do you report news to make money or vice versa? Is news entertainment?

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The Hutchins Commission

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Time Editor-in-Chief Henry R. Luce passed a note to Robert Hutchins, President of the University of Chicago

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Reasons for the Hutchins Commission

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1. There is no limit to vulgarity and sensationalism on criminality 2. Journalism that follows the public demand creates an enormous financial incentive to publish twaddle 3. such a press fails to provide the information that feeds democracy

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Missing members of the Hutchins Commission

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Journalists, Politicians, Business Leaders, Ordinary Citizens

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The Ethos of Democracy

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1. Journalists: Have obligation To serve people and democracy and be a watchdog (Not like Slug); 2. People: need to know news in order to exercise our rights and obligations in a democracy; 3. Society: democracy needs citizen participation and journalism as a watchdog

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Hutchins’ Commission:The Problem (1943)

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Today, few people have access to media to distribute their messages
Today, media ownership is concentrated in fewer and fewer hands.
Today, media provide fewer outlets for news and views
Today, population (electorate) is almost completely dependent on media for news and views

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Hutchins's Commission:Journalism’s Obligation

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Provide Truthful Account of Day’s Event, Serve as a Forum for Exchange of Ideas, Provide Fair Picture of All Groups in Society, Present and Clarify Society’s Goals and Values, Provide Access to All News

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Our Model of ALL Media:ABC News v Food Lion

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ABC NEWS: Broke the law to get Video for a story, Consumer:
Is the story important enough to break the law?, Society: Law is created by Society. Society has to enforce the law

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What did Food Lion sue ABC for?

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Invasion of Privacy, Trespass, and Lying on Job Application

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The 1st Amendment

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

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The Marketplace of Ideas

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Competition of ideas, Public discourse is open/free/transparent, Journalists play important role in marketplace (4th Estate)

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Interpersonal Media

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primarily point-to-point; person to person: telephone, telegraph. People are both source and receiver

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Mass Media

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one source to many people; people tend only to be receivers (print, radio, television, internet, etc.)

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Network Media

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can be either interpersonal or mass media; connects many points to many point; email, teleconferencing: people can be both sender and received

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Characteristics of Mass Media

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Mostly one-way communication, Audience doesn't have many choices, Reach/aimed at large audiences, Influence society

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Hot Media

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A medium that extends one single sense in "high definition” (a movie just requires audience attention)

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Cool Media

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low definition (requires active participation by user)