Intro Cv

Front 1

What is cardiovascular disease?

Back 1

class of disease that involves the heart, blood vessels, arteries, and veins. Usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis

Front 2

What are the incidents of cardiovascular disease?

Back 2

-leading cause of death in this country and globally
-heart attacks are leading cause of all CV disease deaths in general
-emphasis has been put on risk factors and prevention

Front 3

What are the modifiable risk factors associated with CVD?

Back 3

-smoking
-diet
-hypertension
-hypercholesterolemia
-obesity
-physical inactivity
-emotional stress

Front 4

What are the nonmodifiable risk factors associated with CVD?

Back 4

-gender
-family history of CV illness
-persomal history of CV illness
-ethnicity
-race
-age

Front 5

What are the examples of cardiovascular diseases?

Back 5

-CAD
-MI
-HTN
-CHF
-CVA
-PVD

Front 6

How does blood circulate through the heart starting with the superior and inferior vena cava?

Back 6

-superior and inferior vena cava
-R atrium -> tricuspid valve->
R ventricle-> pulmonic valve-> pulmonary artery-> lungs
->pulmonary veins-> L atrium->
mitral valve-> L ventricle
->aortic valve-> aorta->
systemic circulation

Front 7

How does the electrical activity go through the heart?

Back 7

-SA node
-Intra atrial tracts
-AV node
-bundle of his
-R&L bundle branches
-purkinje fibers

Front 8

(def)
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute.

Back 8

Cardiac output

Front 9

(def)
the amount of blood that leaves the ventricle upon contraction.

Back 9

Stroke volume

Front 10

(def)
the amount of blood ejected during the ventricular contraction compared to the amount of blood available in the ventricle.

Back 10

Ejection fraction

Front 11

(def)
the strength of the cardiac contraction.

Back 11

contractility

Front 12

(def)
the amount of blood in the ventricles ath the end of diastole (filling).

Back 12

Pre load

Front 13

(def)
the force the ventricles must excert to open the valves and eject the blood.

Back 13

After load

Front 14

How does sodium affect cardiac functioning?

Back 14

-increased sodium depresses cardiac function
-need to monitor levels in CHF because edema can exacerbate CHF

Front 15

How does potassium affect cardiac function?

Back 15

-hypokalemia cause decrease in heart rate, increase force of contraction
-hyperkalemia decreases heart rate and force of contraction
-cardiac arrhythmias

Front 16

What is the role of calcium in cardiac function?

Back 16

-increase in levels can cause over contraction of heart
-decrease in levels causes cardiac flaccidity

Front 17

What is the role of moagnesium in cardiac function?

Back 17

-increase in levels causes hypotension, vasodilation, bradycardia, heart block, and cardiac arrest
-low levels cause cardiac arrythmias

Front 18

How is the cardiovascular system affected by the aging process?

Back 18

-chest wall-> kyphosis
-heart -> myocardial hypertrophy, downward displacement, decreased CO, HR, SV in response to excersise or stress
-cellular aging changes and fibrosis of conduction system
-valvular rigidity
-blood vessels-> arterial stiffening and thickening, increased torturosity

Front 19

How many chambers are in the heart?

Back 19

4

Front 20

What are the four valves of the heart?

Back 20

-tricuspid valve
-pulmonic valve
-mitral valve
-aortica valve

Front 21

What are the three layers of the heart?

Back 21

-epicardium
-myocardium
-epicardium

Front 22

What is an incompetent valve?

Back 22

a valve that is hard to open or wont close all the way

Front 23

What does the QRS wave represent?

Back 23

depolarization of the ventricles

Front 24

What does the P waves represent?

Back 24

depolarization of the atria

Front 25

What does the T wave represent?

Back 25

repolarization of ventricles

Front 26

What does the QRS interval represent?

Back 26

time required for impulse to spread through ventricles

Front 27

What does the PR interval represent?

Back 27

time required for impulse to spread from SA node to ventricles

Front 28

What does the QT interval represent?

Back 28

time required for impulse to spread through ventricles

Front 29

T or F
Lipids accumulate the heart valves begin to calcify as part of the aging process.

Back 29

True

Front 30

T or F
As part of the aging process process there is an increase in number of pacemaker cells.

Back 30

False

Front 31

T or F
In the aging process collagen increase and elastin decreases.

Back 31

True

Front 32

T or F
In the aging process the resting heart rate changes.

Back 32

False

Front 33

T or F
As part of the aging process decreased functioning of the B-adrenergic receptors occurs.

Back 33

True

Front 34

T or F
As the aging process progresses the coronary arteries become more flexible.

Back 34

False

Front 35

T or F
As a part of the aging process there is a decrease in number of pacemaker cells in the SA node.

Back 35

True

Front 36

What assessment data gives the best information about cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance?

Back 36

Blood pressure

Front 37

What assessment data gives the best information about overloading the heart?

Back 37

Heart sounds

Front 38

What assessment data gives you the best information of the adequacy of circulation in the periphery?

Back 38

-peripheral pulses
-capillary refill
-skin temp
-color of skin
-lips and nailbeds
-edema in extremities

Front 39

What assessment data gives you the best information about the electrical activity of the heart?

Back 39

heart rhythm

Front 40

What is the only purpose of the heart?

Back 40

to pump blood around the body

Front 41

How are MI categorized?

Back 41

by the plane of the ventricle involved

Front 42

What is atrial depolarization?

Back 42

When the electrical impulse has gone from the SA node to the AV node causing the atria to contract

Front 43

What is ventricular depolarization?

Back 43

When the impulse travels down the bundle branches to the purkinje fibers causing the ventricles to contract

Front 44

What is a relative refactory period?

Back 44

It is the time in between depolarization and repolarization.

Front 45

In an EKG what does onecardiac cycle include?

Back 45

PQRST

Front 46

When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated how does in effect the heart?

Back 46

-SA node fires more rapidly -> causing HR to increase
-conduction speed increases
-ventricles contract with increased force
-cardiac cells become more irratable

Front 47

What things stimulate the cardiac cells in the SNS?

Back 47

-drugs
-epinepherine
-nervousness

Front 48

When the parasympathetic system is stimulated the cardiac cells respond in what 2 ways?

Back 48

-SA node fires less frequently->heart rate decrease
-conduction speed decreases

Front 49

Stimulation of what nerve can cause bradycardia?

Back 49

Vagus