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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 types of Image receptors?
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P- Periapical
B- Bitewing O- Occlusal |
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How many Images are there in a FMX at the OUCOD including periapical and bitewings
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20
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How much normal bone should be visible in a PA film?
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3-4 mm
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What is everything visible in a PA film?
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The length of the tooth, 2-4 mm of bone and open interproximal contacts
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What is seen in a bitewing film?
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the upper and lower arches and crestal alveolar bone
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What does BID stand for?
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Beam Indicating Device
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What does PID Stand for?
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Position Indicating Device
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Vertical Angulation is described as...
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Up and Down of the BID in reference to the occlusal plane
Needed to get the whole length of the tooth |
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Horizontal Angulation is described as...
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Forward and backward around the head in reference to the midsagittal plane
Needed to open up the contacts of the teeth |
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What technique do you use for anterior films size 1
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Paralleling technique
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What are the three part of the XCP device?
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Indicator Arm
Aiming Ring Bite Block |
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Where should the dot be placed when the XCP is assembled?
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The Dot goes in the slot towards the beam
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Why is the Dot important?
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The dot is a reference point for the orientation of the film
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What should be parallel for ideal angulation to occur?
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The BID and the XCP device
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What does over angulation result in?
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Foreshortening of structures
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What does under angulation result in?
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Elongation of structures
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Where should the dot be placed specifically for PA films?
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-Raised dot towards the area of interest & x-ray beam
- Dot should be placed in the slot of the film holder -Dot should be on incisal or occlusal side of the film |
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Where should the dot be placed specifically for bitewing films at the OUCOD?
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Towards the lower edge of the film
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What is placed in the center of the aiming ring of the XCP device?
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The tooth of interest
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What are the five basic principles for the paralleling technique?
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- Film must be placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth
- CR should be directed perpendicular to film & long axis of the tooth - Film holder is used to keep film parallel to long axis of the tooth - Object-film distance is increased to keep the film parallel - Source-film distance is increased to compensate for image magnification & to ensure that parallel rays are aimed at the tooth and film |
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What happens when object-film distance is increased?
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Results in image magnification and loss of definition
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What should the film not touch?
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Teeth in the floor of the mouth
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What do CMX or FMX consist of?
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Periapical and Bitewing films
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What are the film sizes used for children?
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0,1,2
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What are the film sizes used for adults?
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1- used for Ant. PA's
2 - used for post. PA's and bitewings |
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What are the radiographic techniques for the anterior region?
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- Central-lateral
- Canine |
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What are the radiographic techniques for the posterior region?
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-Pre-molar
-Molar |
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Are the regions the same for both Maxilary and Mandibular arches?
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Yes
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How many bitewings are there in a FMX?
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4 - 1 Premolar and 1 molar on each side
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What defines an open contact?
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Tthere is no overlap and the interproximal outline is clearly seen.
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How should the film be placed in a Max. Central-Lateral Incisor Region?
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• Place Size 1 film vertically in bite block
• Align central / lateral contact with center of film • Place film in mouth parallel to teeth (do not touch teeth for paralleling) • Patient should bite on outer edge of the block away from film |
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Where will a CR pass in a Max. Central-Lateral Incisor Region?
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Between the contact of the Central and lateral incisors
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What characterizes an ideally processed Max. Central-Lateral Region?
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– Contact between central-lateral incisor should be open and centered
– 2-4 mm of normal bone visible beyond the apices – Incisal edge of the teeth should be visible on the film – Contact between the two centrals should also be visible on right & left central-lateral films (visible midline) |
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What is acceptable overlap for the Max. canine region?
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Distal contact of the canine that is no larger than half the thickness of the canine
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How should the film be placed in a Max. Canine region?
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• Place Size 1 film vertically in the bite block
• Align midline of canine with center of film • Place film in mouth, away from lingual surfaces (parallel) • Patient should bite on outer edge of block, away from film |
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Where will a CR pass in a Max. Canine Region?
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• Direct CR to pass through the mesial contact of the canine
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What are the characteristics of an ideally processed Max. Canine Region?
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– Canine should be centered on film
– Mesial contact of canine should be open – 2-4 mm of normal bone visible beyond the apices – Incisal edge of the teeth should be visible on the film |
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How should the film be placed for a Max. Premolar region?
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• Place size 2 film horizontally, towards midline of palate, parallel to long axis of teeth
• Anterior border of film should cover the distal contact of canine and 1st & 2nd premolars (2nd may be centered on the film) |
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Where will a CR pass in a Max. Premolar Region?
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• CR is directed to pass through contact between the 1st & 2nd premolar or 2nd premolar & 1st molar
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What are the characteristics of an ideally processed Max. Premolar Region?
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– Contact between premolars & distal contact of canine should be visible & open
– 2-4 mm of normal bone visible beyond the apices – Occlusal plane of teeth seen on film – Ideally, buccal & lingual cusps should be superimposed |
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How should the film be placed for a Max. Molar region film?
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• Place size 2 film horizontally, in midline of palate, parallel to long axis of teeth, 2nd molar centered on the film
• Posterior border of film should cover maxillary tuberosity & distal crestal bone of last molar in the mouth |
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How is the beam directed in a Max. Molar region film?
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• CR is directed to pass through the contact between the 1st & 2nd molar
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What are the characteristics of an ideally processed Max. Molar region?
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–2nd Molar should be centered on film
– Contact between molars should be open – Max. tuberosity should be visible (3rd molar area) – 2-4 mm of normal bone visible beyond the apices – Occlusal plane of the teeth should be visible on film – Buccal & lingual cusps should be superimposed |
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What is sometimes acceptable to be seen on Molar region film?
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The First molar
Duh! |
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How should the film be placed in a Mandibular Central-Lateral region film?
How should the central ray be positioned? What are characteristics of an ideal positioning? |
Everything the same as Max. Central-Lateral Region except the film is placed between the teeth and the tongue
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How should the film be placed in a Mandibular Canine Region Film?
How should the CR be aligned? what characteristics define an ideal positioning of the beam? |
The same as a Max. Canine Region Film
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How should the film be placed in a Mandibular Premolar Region Film?
How should the CR be aligned? what characteristics define an ideal positioning of the beam? |
The same as Max. Premolar with the exception that for an ideal positioning the second premolar should be centered on the film.
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How should the film be placed in a Mandibular Molar Region Film?
How should the CR be aligned? what characteristics define an ideal positioning of the beam? |
The same as Max. Molar with the exception that an ideal position constitutes the ascending ramus of the mandible is visible in the third molar region.
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Who invented the Bitewing film?
Why? |
Dr. Howard Raper in 1926 to detect interproximal caries
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What are some characteristics of Bitewing film?
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• Alveolar bone loss is best shown on BWs
• Bitewings can be vertical or horizontal • Vertical BW show more alveolar bone than horizontal BWs |
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What should be centered on a bitewing film?
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The occlusion
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What does occlusal radiographs record?
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Cross section of arches, Incisal & Occlusal surfaces of teeth
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What are the uses of occlusal radiography?
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Impacted teeth, Fractures, foreign bodies, Jaw lesions (expansion & erosion of bone), salivary stones etc.
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How should the CR be positioned for a Maxillary occlusal radiograph?
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Direct the central ray at vertical angulation of 60 - 65 degrees
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How should the CR be positioned for a Mandibular occlusal radiograph?
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Direct the central ray at the midline through the floor of the mouth approximately 3 cm below the chin, at right angle to the center
of the film |
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What are two sets of fleshy protrusions that can be seen in some radiographs?
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Palatal and Mandibular Tori
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What does edentulous ridges require?
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25% less exposure time
14 film survey with size two film panoramic radiograph is the simplest, quickest and least uncomfortable alternative |
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What are some ways to reduce pain and hypersensitivity?
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Tissue protectors
Topical anesthetics (gels or sprays) Technique modifications Film bending Tranquilizers |
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What are some characteristics and advantages of tissue holders?
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•Developed by a dental hygienist •Patients bite harder on film holder
•Improves patient comfort by protecting soft tissues from film abrasion •Reduces no. of retakes |
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What are some ways of managing a patients gagging using psychic stimuli?
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• Pleasant first contact & discussion
of problem in kindly manner • Anterior films taken first • Divert patient attention • Premedication |
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What are some ways of managing a patients gag reflex through tactile stimuli?
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• Minimal film motion in mouth
• Minimal contact with mucosa • Use film holders, edge cushions • Use desensitizers (rinses, ice water or salt on tip of tongue) • Procedure to be done quickly • Get a helper • Combine intraoral views with extraoral films if needed |
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If a patient has a shallow palate what should you do in terms of changing your technique?
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Change the vertical angles to over angulate in order to cover the apices.
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