Into To Music

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Music Nationalism

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a movement in music in the 19th century in which the composers sought to emphasize indigenous qualities in their music by incorporating folk songs, native scales, dance rhythms, and local instrumental sounds

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Russian Five

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a group of young composers (Borodin, Cui, Balakirev, Rimsky-Korsakov, and Musorgsky) centered in St. Petersburg, whose aim was to write purely Russian music free of European influence

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Pentatonic Scale

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a five-note scale found often in folk music and non-Western music

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Absolute Music

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instrumental music free of a text or any preexisting program

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Orchestra Song/Lied

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a genre from the 19th century in which the voice is accompanied by not only a piano but a full orchestra

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Double Stops

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a technique applied to string instruments in which two strings are pressed down and played simultaneously instead of just one

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Impressionism

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late 19th century movement arose in France, the impressionists were the first to reject photographic realism in painting, instead trying to recreate the impression that an object produces upon the senses in a single, fleeting moment

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Symbolists

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group of poets in late 19th century Paris, whose aesthetic aims were in harmony with those of the Impressionist painters.

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Whole tone scale

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a six-note scale each pitch of which is a whole tone away from the next

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Exoticism

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use of sounds drawn from outside traditional Western European musical experience, popular among composers in late 19th century Europe

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Habanera

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a Afro-Cuban dance song that came to prominence in the 19th century, marked by repeating bass and a repeating, syncopated rhythm

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Cubism

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early 20th century artistic style in which the artist fractures and dislocates formal reality into geometrical blocks and planes

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Octave displacement

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a process used in constructing a melody whereby a simple, nearby interval is made more distant, and the melodic line is more disjunct, by placing the next note up or down a octave

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Tone Cluster

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a dissonant sounding of several pitches, each only a half step away from the other, in a densely packed chord

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Impresario

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renowned producer

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Ballets russes

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a Russian ballet company of the early 20th century led by Sergei Diaghilev

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Neo-classicism

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a movement in 20th century music that sought to return to the musical forms and aesthetics of the Baroque and Classical periods

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Polymeter

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two or more meters sounding simultaneously

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Polychord

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the stacking of one triad or seventh chord on another so they sound simultaneously

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Polyrhythm

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two or more rhythms sounding simultaneously

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Second Viennese School

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a group of progressive modernist composers centered around Arnold Schoenberg in Vienna in the early 20th century

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Atonal Music

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music without tonality; most often associated with the 20th century avant-grade style of Arnold Schoenberg

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Expressionism

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powerful movement in the early 20th century arts, initially a German-Austrian development that arose in Berlin, Munich, and Vienna; its aim was to not depict objects as they are seen but to express the strong emotion that the objects generates in the artist.

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Sprechstimme

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(German for “speech-voice) vocal technique in which a singer declaims, rather than sings, a text at only approximate pitch levels

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Twelve-tone composition

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a method of composing music, devised by Arnold Schoenberg, that has each of the 12 notes of the chromatic scale sound in a fixed, regular recurring order

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Serial Music

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music in which some important component-pitch, dynamics, rhythm- comes in a continually repeating series

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Russian Revolution

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overthrow of the Russian tsar by the socialist Bolshevik Party in 1917

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Formalism

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modern music, according to Soviet authorities in the 1920s and 30s, who branded it as “antidemocratic”

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Johannes Brahms

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was a German composer and pianist, and one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period

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Brahm’s Lullaby

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wrote his famous "Lullaby" as a cradle song (Wiegenlied, in German), originally for a young singer whom he knew, Bertha Faber, on the occasion of the birth of her first child.

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Pictures at an Exhibition

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In 1874 Modest Mussorgsky composed his famous Pictures at an Exhibition, based on ten drawings and watercolors produced by his recently deceased friend, the architect and artist Victor Hartmann. Most of the works that inspired the composer are lost, either yet undiscovered or, sadly, destroyed by time and neglect.

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Pictures at an Exhibition

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part of a growing movement of artists and craftsmen whose aim was to develop a new aesthetic, based on traditional Russian designs and motifs. Eschewing the classical architecture of Europe, designed structures based on medieval and contemporary folk styles

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Symphony No.9, “From the New World”

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popularly known as the New World Symphony, was composed by Antonín Dvořák in 1893 during his visit to the United States from 1892 to 1895.

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Symphony No.4 Mahler-song

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The song is relatively short, but it perfectly and exquisitely fulfills its mission of depicting a child’s view of heaven as a place of serene delight, simple joys, and quiet mystery.

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Parallelism

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When two notes are a certain distance apart and move the same interval at the same time in the same direction

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Puccini’s Turandot

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Italian composer Giacomo Puccini's last masterpiece before his death, the opera that salutes the power of love.

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Stravinsky

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was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor.He is widely acknowledged as one of the most important and influential composers of 20th century music.

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The Rite of Spring

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work's unconventional music, sharp and unnatural choreography (dancers danced with bent arms and legs and would land on the floor so hard their internal organs would shake), and Russian pagan setting, failed to win over the majority of the audience; considered to be a milestone in the history of ballet

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percussive orchestra

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orchestras were of a much larger scale, with nearly double amounts of each instrument and a much larger brass and percussion section (ie, small scale percussion instruments such as triangles, glockenspiels and tambourines were introduced.)

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Arnold Schoenberg

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(13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian and later American composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School.

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Emancipation of dissonance

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was a concept or goal put forth by Arnold Schoenberg and others, including his pupil Anton Webern, composer of atonal music and the inventor of the twelve tone technique. It may be described as a metanarrative to justify atonality

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Shostakovich-Symphony No. 5

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by Dmitri Shostakovich is a work for orchestra composed between April and July 1937. Its first performance was on November 21, 1937, in Leningrad by the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra under Yevgeny Mravinsky

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Shostakovich

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(25 September 1906 – 9 August 1975) was a Soviet Russian composer and one of the most celebrated composers of the 20th century.

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Romeo and Juliet

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is a ballet by Sergei Prokofiev based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is one of the most enduringly popular ballets. Music from the ballet was extracted by Prokofiev as three suites for orchestra and as a piano work.

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Prokofiev

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(27 April 1891– 5 March 1953.) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor who mastered numerous musical genres and is generally regarded as one of the major composers of the 20th century.