Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name a polymer of amino acid.
|
Protien/Enzyme
|
|
|
Name a polymer of nucleic acid.
|
Nucleotides: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.
DNA is an nucleic acid. |
|
|
Name a polymer of glucose.
|
Glycogen, cellulose, polysacharride, starch.
|
|
|
What is a monomer of cellulose?
|
Glucose
|
|
|
What is a monomer of starch?
|
sucrose
|
|
|
What is a monomer of DNA?
|
Nucleotide (not portien)
|
|
|
What is a monomer of RNA?
|
Nucleotide (not protien)
|
|
|
What is a monomer of enzymes?
|
Amino Acids (protiens)
|
|
|
What is a monomer of protiens?
|
Amino Acids (enzymes)
|
|
|
What is the energy output (ATP) made by Glysolysis?
|
4
|
|
|
What is the energy output (ATP) made by Krebs Cycle?
|
3
|
|
|
Electron Transport Chain how many ATP molecules?
|
32 ATP molecules
|
|
|
6 NADH (Krebs):
|
18 ATP
|
|
|
2FADH2 (Krebs):
|
?
|
|
|
2 NADH (Glycolysis)
|
?
|
|
|
2 NADH (pyruvate acetyl CoA)
|
?
|
|
|
Total energy (ATP) from aerobic cellular respiration:
|
36 ATP
|
|
|
Total energy (ATP) from anaerobic respiration:
|
2 ATP
|
|
|
What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
|
1, Glycolysis- aerobic
2. Citric Acid Cycle ((Krebs)-anaerobic 3. Electric transport chain- anaerobic |
|
|
Where in the cell and during what stage does glycolysis take place?
|
In the cytoplasm during the 1srt stage of cellular respiration.
|
|
|
Where in the cell and during what stage(s) does aerobic respiration take place?
|
In the mitochondrion during the last 2 stages of cellular respiration.
|
|
|
Where in the cell and during what stage(s) does aerobic respiration take place?
|
In the mitochondrion during the last 2 stages of cellular respiration.
|
|
|
What is oxygen ultimately used for in aerobic respiration?
|
Without Oxygen, the protiens in the electron transport chain cannot pass along the electrons. If it cannot pass an electron, it cannot accept a new one either. The entire chain becomes blocked and aerobic process of cellular respirataion cannot happen.
|
|
|
How does oxygen facilitate the protiens in the electron transport chain?
|
Oxtgeb reacts with 4 hydrogen ions (4H+) to form 2 molecules of water (H2O). THis helps the protiens pass along the electrons.
|
|
|
What is the formula for respiration?
|
C6H12O6+6O2-->6CO2+6H2O+ENERGY
|
|
|
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
|
6 CO2+12 H2O+ photons--> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 +6 H2O
-OR- 6 CO2+ 6 H2O-->C6H12O6+ 6 O2 |
|
|
What is the formula for glycolysis?
|
C6H12O6+ 2ATP+2NAD+ --> 2pyruvate+4ATP+2NADH
|
|
|
What process replaces the NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue?
|
Fermentation
|
|
|
In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?
|
Chloroplasts
|
|
|
Where does the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis take place?
|
Thylakiod Membranes
|
|
|
Where does the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis take place?
|
Stroma
|
|
|
What is the role of water in photosynthesis?
|
H2O donates H+ ions which are used to generate ATP
|
|
|
What is the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?
|
Carbon Dioxide is a carrier molecule for H (CO2+H=carbohydrate)
|
|
|
What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?
|
NADP+ carries energized electrons to another location.
(transporter) |
|
|
What is a product of the Calvin Cycle?
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
What are the structured parts of a chloroplast?
|
Thykaliod, Grana, Stroma, two membranes.
|
|
|
What are the structural parts of a mitochondria?
|
Matrix, Inner Membrane, Outer Membrane, Cristae
|
|
|
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
|
In the Inner Membrane of the mitochondria.
|
|
|
What is another name for the Krebs cycle?
|
The Citric Acid Cycle
|
|
|
Where does the ETC takes place?
|
In the Inner Membrane of the mitochondria.
|
|
|
What happens in the Calvin Cycle?
|
Glucose molecules are formed.
|
|
|
What happens in the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)?
|
Glucose is broken down.
|
|
|
What is a chromatid?
|
One of 2 identical chromosome strands of DNA in Mitosis.
|
|
|
During which phase of the cell cycle is an organism 4n?
|
Telephase II (?)
|
|
|
During which phase of meiosis does the organism become 2n?
|
Telephase I (?)
|
|
|
During which phase of meiosis does an organism become n?
|
Meiosis I (?)
|
|
|
When do spindle fibers form?
|
Prophase I
|
|
|
What is the role of centrioles?
|
Help divide DNA during cell division.
|
|
|
What types of cells do NOT have centrioles?
|
Prokaryotic (?) Some Plant Cells or bacteria (?)
|
|
|
How are the chromosomes in metaphase of mitosis arranged differently from the chromosomes in metaphase 1 of meiosis?
|
In Mitosis, chromosomes split. In Meiosis, they stay together. (?)
|
|
|
Give two examples of asexual reproduction?
|
Binary fision and Budding
|
|
|
During the process of sexual reproduction, 2 haploid cells unite to form a diploid ________________.
|
zygote
|
|
|
What is synapsis?
|
Pairing of 2 homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
|
|
|
What is crossing over?
|
The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromotids during Prophase I.
|
|
|
Explain how crossing over is beneficial.
|
Starts the process (?)
|
|
|
The process of uniting two gametes to form a zygote is:
|
Fertilization
|
|
|
What results from nondisjunction during meiosis?
|
Homologous chromosomes do not separate properly.
|
|
|
What is polyploidy?
|
More than 2 set of paired chromosomes.
|
|
|
Why is polyploidy more harmful in animals than in plants?
|
causes abnormalities (?)
|
|
|
What is polyploidy?
|
More than 2 set of paired chromosomes.
|
|
|
Why is polyploidy more harmful in animals than in plants?
|
causes abnormalities (?)
|
|
|
What type of transport is osmosis?
|
Passive Transport ( it requires no energy) because it goes from a higher concentration to a low concentration. It does not go against it's concentration gradient ("active transport)"
|
|
|
What type of transport is diffusion?
|
Diffusion and Osmosis are both types of PASSIVE TRANSPORT - that is, no energy is required for the molecules to move into or out of the cell.
|
|
|
What type of transport is endocytosis?
|
Active transport process by which large particles enter a cell.
|
|
|
What type of transport is exocytosis?
|
Active transport.
|
|
|
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
|
The plasma membrane is a very important structure which functions to allow certain substances to enter or leave the cell.
|
|
|
What is Selective permeability?
|
The cell membrane has some control over what can cross it, so that only certain molecules either enter or leave the cell. They are "selectively permeable".
|
|
|
What is osmosis?
|
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential
|
|
|
What is hypotonic?
|
a solution which contains more solute than solvent (example: a lot of salt(solute) dissolved in water(solvent))
|
|
|
What is hypertonic?
|
a solution which contains more solvent than solute (example: purified water--there's almost no solute dissolved in the solvent(water))
|
|
|
What is isotonic?
|
a solution in which the solute and solvent are equally distributed--a cell normally wants to remain in an isotonic solution, where the concentration of the liquid inside of it equals the concentration of the liquid outside of it
|
|
|
What is diffusion?
|
the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentratiion, to areas of low concentration.
|
