Intl 3300 Final

Front 1

Civil Society

Back 1

Life outside the state. It is a number of organizations created by people that define their interests. Examples include churches, clubs, sports teams, environmental groups, etc.

Front 2

Modernization Theory

Back 2

This theory says as societies become more economically and societally sophisticated or advanced, they also become more democratic. This theory has risen, fallen, and risen again in popularity, but is unproven and suffers from both pros and cons.

Front 3

Authoritarianism

Back 3

A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state. These leaders are not constitutionally responsible to the public.

Front 4

Nondemocratic Regime

Back 4

A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state. These leaders are not constitutionally responsible to the public, and the public doesn’t have a role in selecting or removing leaders.

Front 5

Totalitarianism

Back 5

A form of nondemocratic rule with an ideologically driven regime. The regime seeks to transform the institutions of the state towards its ideological goal. As a result, violence becomes a tool to destroy opposition.

Front 6

Populism

Back 6

The view that elites and established institutions do not represent the will of the people, and therefore a new movement can bring in a new order. Populism is more likely where civil society is weak.

Front 7

Coercion

Back 7

Act of compelling individuals by threatening to harm them or their livelihood. This is often followed up by the use of force to quall opponents or obstruction. This can also mean surveillance, which includes internal security forces and spying on individuals.

Front 8

Co-optation

Back 8

The process by which individuals are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state. The individuals eventually become dependent on the regime for benefits.

Front 9

Corporatism

Back 9

A method where nondemocratic regimes create a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public. These organizations replace other independent organizations and they alone can speak on behalf of society. For example, churches, labor unions, student groups, etc are approved and funded by the state.

Front 10

Clientelism

Back 10

The process where the state co-opts members of the public by providing benefits or favors to a person or small group in return for public support. For example, patronage in exchange for votes in an election.

Front 11

Rent Seeking

Back 11

A process in which political leaders “rent out” parts of the state to their supporters. The supporters result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical way.

Front 12

Personality Cult

Back 12

The promotion of a leader not just as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation, and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength. Personality cults convince the public of a leader’s admirable qualities to earn support and legitimize him. The media and culture are crucial in this campaign.

Front 13

Personal or Monarchial Rule

Back 13

Rests on the claim that one person alone is fit to rule. The leader is often perceived as greater than the state, and no regime or role constrains their rule.

Front 14

Patrimonialism

Back 14

A form of clientelism. Benefits are distributed to a small group of regime supporters inside the state. This group enforces the ruler’s will in exchange for direct benefits.

Front 15

Military Rule

Back 15

When governments are struggling with legitimacy or stability, the military intervenes directly in politics. Often takes place in a coup d’état. Military often claims they will return power once stability is restored, but they don’t always follow through on this promise.

Front 16

Bureaucratic Authoritarianism

Back 16

A regime in which the state bureaucracy and the military believe a technocratic leadership can solve the state’s problems. They reject ideology and public participation.

Front 17

One-Party Rule

Back 17

A regime where a single party monopolizes and controls politics. Other parties are excluded, and corporatism is common. One-party regimes are associated with totalitarianism.

Front 18

Theocracy

Back 18

Religion is the foundation for the political regime. One of the oldest yet rarest forms of nondemocratic rule. Modern examples include Iran and Saudi Arabia.

Front 19

Illiberal Regimes

Back 19

Rule by an elected leadership, but through questionable procedures of democratic legitimacy. Democratic institutions are present, but are weakly respected. The executive is over powerful and can easily bypass other checks, the media is not free, and elections are rigged.

Front 20

Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs)

Back 20

Countries that have experienced dramatic rates of economic growth and democratization. Many now resemble advanced democracies in many ways. For example, South Korea and other countries in Asia and parts of Latin America.

Front 21

Less-Developed Countries (LDCs)

Back 21

Countries where economic and political structures have remained weak or grown weaker. These countries are marked by stagnant economies, poverty, and violence. For example, Ghana in Africa.

Front 22

Empires

Back 22

Single political authorities that have a large number of external regions or territories under their control. They resulted from powerful countries conquering other lands and people to continue development.

Front 23

Imperialism

Back 23

This leads to the formation of empires. Imperialism is the system where a state extends power to control territory, resources, and people beyond its borders.

Front 24

Colonialism

Back 24

Very similar to imperialism. It means a stronger degree of control of foreign territory through military force, businesses, or settlers. It is a way to consolidate one’s empire.

Front 25

Neocolonialism

Back 25

Upon independence, many countries find themselves in a continued state of economic dependency on their former empire. This leads to an unequal relationship where the country is producing basic goods such as agriculture for the former empire in order to survive.

Front 26

Import Substitution

Back 26

A response to solve problems presented by neocolonialism. Countries restrict imports to create demand for local alternatives, and new businesses are created using state funds by creating subsidized or parastatal industries. This strategy has resulted in economies with large industries reliant on the state for support, and they have been no match for international competitors.

Front 27

Export-Oriented Industrialization

Back 27

The other strategy to shaking off the shackles of neocolonialism. Countries find ways to make a good cheaper and more efficiently, eventually exporting their own version of the good back to the country that originated the product. For example, South Korea started by focusing on simple good like textiles or shoes, but has moved to automobiles and computers.

Front 28

Structural Adjustment

Back 28

Policies of liberalization pushed by advanced democracies that often follow import substitution. State involvement is reduced, foreign investment is encouraged, and tariff barriers are reduced. These have been controversial reforms, and some have called it a tool of neocolonialism.

Front 29

Informal Economy

Back 29

A segment of the economy that is not regulated, protected, or taxed by the state. It is dominated by the self-employed or small businesses, such as street vendors or a family that makes or repairs goods from home. These are bad because they generate no tax revenue, aren’t subject to regulation, and have no room for growth.

Front 30

Globalization

Back 30

A process by which global connections create an extensive web of relationships between people and states across vast distances. It means intensifying linkages between states, societies, and economies across the world.

Front 31

Multinational States

Back 31

Firms that produce, distribute, and market in more than country. These corporations have assets and profits larger than the GDPs of most countries in the world and influence politics, economic developments, and social relations through their product. Microsoft is an example.

Front 32

Nongovernmental Organizations

Back 32

National and international groups independent of any state. They pursue policy objectives and encourage public participation. Amnesty International is an example.

Front 33

Intergovernmental Organizations

Back 33

Groups created by states to meet policy objectives. They generally exert some type of authority over their member states. The UN and EU are examples.