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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is accusatory interviewing?
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Interviewing where the interviewee is presumed to be a guilty suspect |
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What does accusatory interviewing include? |
1) control, by detaining the suspect in small room, and leaving the suspect uncertain of what will happen 2) confrontation (maximisation) by informing suspect of incriminating evidence and warning of consequences of denial 3) minimisation by offering the suspect face-saving excuses or justification of the crime, and implying more lenient consequences if he or she confesses (Meissner et al., 2014) |
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What is one approach used for interviewing suspects deemed guilty? |
Nine-steps approach - AKA Reid technique (Inbau et al., 2013) |
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What are the 9 steps? |
1) positive confrontation - presentation of evidence 2) theme development = emotional suspects - minimisation approach = sympathetic non-emotional = maximisation = intimation 3) handling denials 4) overcoming objections 5) retain suspects attention 6) handling suspects mood 7) create confession opportunities 8) oral confession - make it easy for the suspect so that he can answer with yes or no 9) written confession |
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What is the social psychological explanation of the 9 step approach? |
Theory of attitude change (Azjen & Madden, 1986) somebodys attitude towards an attitude-object (e.g. confession) is based on the perceived positive and negative aspects of the attitude object |
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How to obtain a confession = |
step 1 - eliminate negative consequences of confession step 2 - emphasise positive aspects of making a confession and emphasise negative aspects of not confessing |
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Which interviewing method allows suspects to do the talking? |
Information gathering approach |
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How would you go about implementing information gathering approach? |
Establish rapport - allow them to give their version of events no interruptions - allows to check full account for inconsistencies or new information not known use open ended questions |
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Williamson (1994) ethical framework of interviewing encouraged what? |
search for truth over confession open mindedness fairness from investigators |
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why search for truth over confession? |
80% tries to obtain a confession pressure on police to be successful confession evidence is prosecutors strongest evidence officers assume that suspects are guilty truth over confession mentality reduces wrongful convictions (Memon et al., 2002) |
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Why open-mindedness? |
allows more information to be obtained, reduces confirmation bias and belief perserverance (Kassin, 2012) |
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Why do confessions trump innocence? |
persuasive as logic and common sense creates tendency to accept self-report that goes against self-interest false confessions often detailed and contains facts confessions corrupt other evidence (confirmation bias) |
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why encourage fairness? |
tricks used when evidence is weak and crime is serious (Pearse & Gudjonsson, 1999) closed question used to often in attempt to confirm not learn (Vrij et al., 2015) |
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Why apply motivational interviewing to suspect interviews? |
Creates non-judgemental environment for clients to articulate thoughts and feelings acknowledges freedom of choice (Surmon-Bohr et al., 2020) |
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What skills are used in motivational interviewing? |
Reflective listening summaries rolling with resistance developing discrepancies |
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What is reflective listening? |
accurate understanding, demonstrating that the interviewer has heard and understood what the detainee has said (Surmon-Bohr et al., 2020) |
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What is meant by summaries? |
Balanced summary without judgement: summarising information using suspects own words and then seeking clarification or further details |
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What is meant by rapport and resistance? |
rolling with resistance = using statements that reflect positive and negative content |
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What is meant by developing discrepencies? |
neutral challenge: presenting inconsistencies to detainee as an invitation for them to give further explanations |
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information gathering approach is favoured over accusatory because... |
1) more accurate info 2) more true confessions 3) fewer false confessions |
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Which "psychologists" were enlisted to help CIA develop interrogation methods for Guantanamo Bay (Cuba) and are responsible for the waterboarding technique? |
Bruce Jessen and James Mitchell |
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Probelm with enhanced interrogation methods? |
No valuable information given - who would want to be treated that badly needs a information gathering approach |
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High value detainee interrogation group (HIG) was set up by Obama why? |
to assess efficacy of interrogation methods and to train officers |
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The HIG determined what? |
enhanced interrogation methods (torture) was ineffective |
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what are consequences of harsh interrogation methods? |
increases resistance harmful to goal of retrieving memories hamper lie detection = does not allow assessments of credibility |
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Scharff technique included what? |
1) friendly approach 2) do not press for information 3) the illusion of knowing it all - present already known information to source - if source is cooperative may overestimate how much is known and strives to provide information that may already be known, which actually was not 4) confirmation/dis-confirmation tactic - used in 50/50s to confirm new information or disconfirm and that still elicits new information |
