Interpersonal Relationship Terms From Sfu

Front 1

What is Capitalization?

Back 1

The process of informing another person about the occurrence of a personal positive event and thereby deriving additional benefits from it.

Front 2

Two studies were done on capitalization. Study 1) P's filled out questionnaire at end of day of event and mood. What is link between type of response and mood? Study 2) wore buzzer and wrote how feel at times throughout day. What is link between expressive person and mood.

Back 2

Study 1) responses that were expressive i.e. celebrate, seek social contact...were associated with better moods then those who continued on with day.
Study 2) Highly expressive people experienced more positivity then less expressive people.

Front 3

What are the four types of responses to capitalizing? Give examples of each? Which ones are associated with relationship quality and satisfaction?

Back 3

1)Active Constructive response: OMG thats wonderful...
2)Passive Constructive response: says little but knows partenr is happy.
3) Passive Destructive response: don't pay much attention, ignores partner.
Active Destructive response: Well thats not good...
Only active Constructive responses are related to satisfied relationships, more intimacy, and increased well-being.

Front 4

What are the gender differences in responsiveness and relationship satisfaction.

Back 4

If the wife is more responsive then the husband will experienced increased satisfaction.
If husband is more responsive didn't change wifes satisfaction.
Both genders rated as active constructive were seen by their partner as more responsive.

Front 5

Do perceptions of the partner during support and capitalizing interactions independently predict relationship satisfaction over time?

Back 5

Capitalization and support responses were INDEPENDENTLY associated with changes in relationship satisfaction.

As we see our partner’s respond more negatively to support and capitalization attempts, they became less satisfied with their relationship.

Front 6

Does attachment security predict perceptions of capitalization?

Back 6

As anxiety and avoidance increase, perceptions of capitalization responses become more negative – concurrently and over time.

Front 7

Do personal characteristics (attachment anxiety and avoidance) and dyadic processes (capitalization and support perceptions) predict changes in relationship satisfaction?

Back 7

Yes they both do...

Front 8

What is more important support or how a partner responds to our good news?

Back 8

Support is important, but how a partner responds to our good news may also strengthen our relationships? BOTH are important.

Front 9

Can good capitalization compensate for “bad” support?

Back 9

Yes it can help.

Front 10

Is capitalization most important in early phases of a relationship?

Back 10

Need more evidence for long term, but seems to be helpful in short-term.

Front 11

How is capitalization in a relationship related to self-expansion?

Back 11

Because are so close your partners good fortune is seen in part your own and is therefore expanding.

Front 12

What emotion is thought to be associated with capitalization?

Back 12

Pride.

Front 13

What were finding about sharing negative events with others? Similar to capitalization?

Back 13

No evidence that sharing negative events rendered those evetns any more salient. Maybe that letting go of bad by talking.

Front 14

Why do people form close emotional relationships?

Back 14

Attachment Theory
Self-Expansion Theory

Front 15

What affects the quality and duration of romantic relationships?

Back 15

1) Individual differences in attachment.
2) Opportunities for self-expansion in relationships.
3) Capitalization.
4) Social Support.

Front 16

The two type of Relationship Maintenance Strategies are behavioral and cognitive. What are the Cognitive strategies 5? And give examples of each.

Back 16

1) Positive construal biases (changing way you see things in the Relationship/Partner - not his fault).
2) Optimistic predictions (our relationship will last).
3) Reconstructive Memory biases (reconstruct past as worse, so feel better about present).
4) Perceptions of relationship superiority (our relationship is the best).
5) Derogation of attractive alternatives (no one is better then my partner).

Front 17

Interpretations of partner behaviour can be relationship enhancing or not. What are the 3 dimensions of attribution that can enhance or detract from a relationship? What is the dimension of a negative and positive behavior?

Back 17

Internal versus external (character vs situation)
Stable versus unstable (will it change or not)
Global versus specific (you always do this or one time)

Negative- internal, stable, global.
Positive- external, unstable, specific.

Front 18

What are positive illusions and what can positive illusions of a partners behavior lead to?

Back 18

Perceiving virtue in the partner beyond the reality - Motivated misunderstanding.

1) Increases in relationship satisfaction and stability.
2) Partner feels good.
3) Fosters attachment security.
3) Partner fulfilling prophecy: our partners may “live up” to our idealized image of them.

Front 19

Does behaviour (support) mediate the link between positive illusions and marital satisfaction? Gender??

Back 19

The effect of positive illusions on relationship satisfaction IS mediated by support behaviour, at least for women.

H & W Positive Illusions--Wives Adaptive Support behavior (mediated link)--Wives’ Increased Marital satisfaction.

Front 20

What Optimistic predictions do we hold about our relationships? Who is the best at predicting relationship longevity? Why did roommates and parents do better?

Back 20

We think our relationships are likely to last long.

Roommates in one sample, and parents in another. But we are the worst at predicting.

1) We were susceptible to positive biases.
2) selectively focus on positive information and discount negative.
3) focus on how difficult is it to finding another partner.
$) Others considered more diagnostic information – quality of relationship – more balanced.

Front 21

Which friends are the best a predicting relationship outcomes? Why?

Back 21

Friends of the female. Hear about relationship problems most.

Front 22

What is the Retrospective Memory Bias? Over time, how does this bias change? How does satisfaction effect the bias? How does bias relate to happiness later on?

Back 22

Individuals selectively recall and reinterpret past relationship events to make bad partner behaviors seem better, and think relationship is getting better or not worse.
Over first 10 years of marriage very biased, over next 10 years biases drops.
Greater dissatisfaction, the greater the bias.
If have bias will be happier over the next 10 years than people who didn't have bias.

Front 23

What is the Process of reconstructive memory in relation to the reconstructive memory bias?

Back 23

1. Assess current standing
(How happy am I now?).
2. Invoke implicit theory of change.
• (I believe that relationships change/improve
over time).
3. Based on 1 and 2, infer past standing
• (Our relationship is better than ever before).

Front 24

Dangers of excessive positive illusions or biases?

Back 24

Premature commitments – positive and negative are independent but we base decisions on the positive.
Vulnerability to disappointments/ disillusionment.
Not dealing with important issues.
Potentially unsettling to partner because partner wants you to reflect who he/she thinks he/she is.

Front 25

3 Potential values of realistic appraisals?

Back 25

1)Helps us change when we are realistic.
2)Helps us make rational decisions.
3)Fulfill self-confirmation needs.

Front 26

What is the Self-verification theory? When do we develop self-concepts? What happens when self-verification is violated? When do we seek self-verification? what was result of study where they measured commitment and self-verification? Who felt most and lest committed?

Back 26

The desire for self-verification:
1)We want partners to see us as we see ourselves.
2)Self-concepts are developed through interactions in previous relationships.
3)Violations of self-concept viewed as a threat intra and interpersonal functionings, if we don't know ourselves, what do we know (existential concerns).
4)we seek confirmation whether positive or negative.
5)P's with positive self-concept felt more committed to partner who saw them positively. P's with negative self-concept felt more committed to partner who see them negatively. P's who were mismatched felt least committed.

Front 27

To be known (self-verification) or to be adored (positive illusions)? When do they win?

Back 27

Where self-enhancement wins

Front 28

What is the relationship between couples who possess rosier hopes of an ideal partner and perceived partner virtue?

Back 28

Those P's who have rosier ideal partner hopes see actual partner as better.

Front 29

What is the relationship between perceived control and optimism and relationship satisfaction.

Back 29

More control and optimism the more satisfied say you are.

Front 30

What is relationship between attaching special meaning to virtues and relationship well-being. What about denying faults? What about linking virtues to faults?

Back 30

Attaching special meaning to virtues of partners increases relationship well-being. Partners who deny each others faults had greater stability over time.
Partners who link virtues to faults had greater stability over time.

Front 31

What is relationship between self-esteem and positive illusions?

Back 31

P's with anxiety idealized partner less, and underestimate how much partner idealizes them because think they see them like see self. Low self-esteem people protect themselves.

Front 32

What Do Newlyweds Argue About? How about over 4 years?

Back 32

Men Women
Tempers,Moods Highest Highest
In-Laws High High
Communication High High
Money High High

H-NWD H–4 yrs W-NWD W–4yrs
Moods-Moods-Moods-Communication
In-laws-Communication-In-laws-Moods
Communication-Sex-Communication-Chores

Front 33

How should we study conflict to
understand it?

Back 33

To understand conflict, it was
necessary to observe it directly, among happy and unhappy couples.

Front 34

Defining conflict?

Back 34

– Participants in social interaction have goals.
– Goals may not be conscious, and they may be specific or general.
– Conflict arises when one person pursues his or her goals and in doing so interferes with the other person’s goals.
– This interference can be direct or indirect.
– Responses to this interference can vary in many ways.

Front 35

Why was the initial focus on verbal rather than physical
aggression?

Back 35

1) Couples and families often downplay the importance of physical aggression.
2) Physical aggression is not easily observation.
3) The prevalence of physical aggression in intimate relationships was largely unknown in the 1960s and 1970s!

Front 36

What are 3 communication concepts from John Gottman?

Back 36

1) Harsh startup
2) Four Horsemen
– Criticism
– Contempt
– Defensiveness
– Stonewalling
3) Flooding

Front 37

What are 6 examples of some Dirty Fighting Techniques? What is an example of each?

Front 38

What is more important, what partners disagree about or how they do it? What is an important distinction in arguments?

Back 38

HOW! Verbal content versus affect.

Front 39

In terms of mind reading and disagreement, when can we discriminate happy and unhappy couples and when can we not? Reciprocation?

Back 39

When dilivering mind reading and disagreements in neutral affect happy and unhappy couples act the same. When delivering mind reading and disagreement in negative affect then then unhappy couples reciprocate and happy couples don't.

Front 40

What is relationship between happy and unhappy couples and complaining about general and specific things.

Back 40

Happy specific, unhappy general.

Front 41

When is negative reciprocity most common? How long do happy and unhappy couples take to leave negative exchanges? Is there a gender difference?

Back 41

‘Negative reciprocity’ is common, especially among unhappy couples.
Unhappy couples take longer to exit negative exchanges.
Happy wives, in particular, seem to be able to follow partner negatives with neutral behaviors.

Front 42

What is a Demand/Withdraw Pattern? Are there gender differences?

Back 42

One partner pursues or demands
(change) in the relationship and the other withdraws or avoids.
No, it depends on whose gets to choose the topic discussed. When women choose, women demand and men withdraw, when men choose, men demand and women withdraw.

Front 43

what is an alternative to experimental research that is unethical to induce conflict? How does it work? It is experimental?

Back 43

Passive Longitudinal Studies. Measure conflict management at one time and examine relation to marital satisfaction at later point.
No Correlational.

Front 44

Many studies say modest relationship between observed negative and later marital satisfaction. Does this mean there is no association? What is problem with these longitudinal studies on marital conflict?

What have some studies done to improve this flaw? Might there be a problem with this? So what do these new studies say about relationship satisfaction and conflict? Low and high Affect and skills combining in diff ways?? Is there gender diff?

Back 44

No!!
1)Collect data from couples who have been married for several years.
2)Conflict observed may already be a consequence of prior marital distress.

Longitudinal Study of Newlyweds. Newlyweds might live together before and distress already exists.
When wife displays low positive affect and low positive skills husbands satisfaction declines the most. Same for wife when husband displays this combo. But when any other combo like high positive skill and low positive affect there is no diff in satisfaction.
No

Front 45

Should conflict management serve as the cornerstone for relationship interventions?

Back 45

NO, social support can be more important then conflict management.

Front 46

What is aversive control?

Back 46

Ask partner to do something, they reply yes but don't do it. Ask them again more forcefully and they finally do it but being snappy while they do it.

Front 47

What is a talk table? What is diff between happy and unhappy couples.

Back 47

record what intended impact and actual impact is of a message and see who is getting wires crossed.
Both happy and unhappy intended message to be positive but actual impact in unhappy is negative and happy is positive.

Front 48

Whats the difference between microanalytic (molecular) and Macroanalytic (molar) testing methods in conflict?

Back 48

Molecular is talk table, specific data to infer theory. Molar is gender theory then set out to explore it.

Front 49

What was found out about behavioral marital therapy?

Back 49

only half couples improved, and of the half about a third went back to old pattern.

Front 50

Can marital outcomes be predicted with 90% accuracy? What do we know about what causes divorce in short-term and long-term couples?

Back 50

NO, not yet.
Short-term: physical aggression = divorce.
Long-term: absence of positive emotion = divorce.

Front 51

What is relationship between wives stress hormones and divorce.

Back 51

Good predictor, high levels = divorce.

Front 52

Define Social Support? Does good support lead to satisfaction?

Back 52

Dyadic process.
Requires action, communication.
Empathy.
Improving others ability to cope.
Difference between instrumental and emotional support.
YES.

Front 53

In the move, what are the 3 things required to be able to give social support. How important did the lady see Social Support? Can Support be negative?

Back 53

Skills- ability, know what to do.
Resources- emotional and cognitive.
Motivation- sense of responsibility.
Most important thing in relationship.
Yes it can be negative.

Front 54

Is conflict the only cause of distress?

Back 54

No Poor social support can cause distress too.

Front 55

Give examples of positive and negative helpee and helper responses.

Back 55

‘Helpee’ Codes
Positive- “I just feel so much better when I talk about
this with you”
Negative- “You have got to help me with this! Tell me
what to do!” or “You are really not doing much good for me here.”

‘Helper’ Codes
Positive- “OK, so tomorrow, when you see Jack, what are you going to ask him?” [Instrumental]
“I know this is hard for you -- you really loved that job
and it was hard to leave.” [Emotional]
Negative- “I doubt you’d be able to get past the first class.” or “Are we done talking about your weight problem? I really don’t see the problem here.”

Front 56

Does social support behavior and conflict behavior predict independently on marital outcome. What is relationship between positive and negative support behaviors in helpee and helper and satisfaction later on? So is all support the same?

Back 56

Yes, social support behavior seems to be more important then conflict behavior.
More negative and less positive helpee and helper behavior at beginning of relationship leads to greater distress later on.
No, difference between invisible and visible and imagined support.

Front 57

What are the costs associated with receiving support? Invisible, visible, and imagined? What are costs with receiving support?

Back 57

1)Invisible support behaviors promote adjustment to the stressor.
2)Visible or perceived support when actually receiving support leads to stress.
3)Imagined support leads to greatest stress because actually received none.

Think you will have to reciprocate.
Feel inadequate that need help.
Can burn out helper.

Front 58

What is forgiveness? What are the two levels of forgiveness? Do you need them both?

Back 58

-Becomes less motivated to think, feel, and behave negatively in regard to the offender.
-Doesn't have to include reconciliation.

-Silent forgiveness
intrapersonal only-feel it yourself.
-Hollow forgiveness
interpersonal only-Forgive other but don't mean it.

Front 59

Forgiveness: 3 stage-phase model Gordon & Baucom (1998)?

Back 59

1. Impact Stage-realization, can be angry.
2. Meaning Stage-understanding what happened.
3. Moving On Stage-let go of negative feelings.

Front 60

What personal traits lead you to forgive more often 4.

Back 60

1)Attachment security (i.e., low anxiety/low avoidance)
2)Agreeableness
3)Low neuroticism
4)Empathy

Front 61

What is the relationship with forgiveness and relationship quality and commitment? What is causal relationship with commitment and forgiveness? How about Satisfaction and forgiveness?

Back 61

1)Spouses who are more committed are more forgiving.
2)Couples who are more satisfied are more forgiving.

-Higher commitment leads to higher forgiveness.
-Runs both ways with satisfaction and forgiveness.

Front 62

What is definition of social learning model? What does it posit is the key to marital success?

Back 62

Spouses help each other with personal rather than marital problems.
Communication but support shows big impact too.

Front 63

Is acceptance and accommodation similar to forgiveness? Is reunion or reconciliation similar?

Back 63

No, they both can occur when the requirements of forgiveness have not been met. -Acceptance means not at fault.
-Accommodation means don't acknowledges others wrongdoing.
NO!

Front 64

Is forgiveness an act or process? Intentional or not? Unconditional or not? Superordinate or not? Where does forgiveness manifest?? Does responsibility influence forgiveness?

Back 64

A process.
Intentional- Unconditional- Superordinate.
Manifests in emotion, cognition, and behavior.
Yes, forgiving will be easier as responsibility decrease. Not intentional.