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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Listening
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Receiving, Attending to, understanding, responding to, and recalling sounds and visual images during interpersonal encounters
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Receiving
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seeing and hearing constitute receiving
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attending
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devoting attention to the information you've received
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How to boost attention (5 steps)
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1. Develop awareness of your attention
2. Take note of encounters in which you should listen carefully, but seem to trigger low levels of attention. 3. Consider optimal level of attention required for adequate listening during encounters 4. Identify attention gap that needs to be bridged 5. Raise level of attention to where you can take everything in |
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How to help boost attention
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Remind yourself how important it is as well as make sure your in a healthy condition if possible
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Mental Bracketing (boosting attention)
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Putting aside thoughts not relevant to going on's
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understanding
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interpreting the meaning of person's communication by comparing newly received information against past knowledge
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4 rules to displaying positive feedback
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1.Make feedback obvious
2.make feedback appropriate 3. make feedback clear of anything that could be mistaken for negative feedback 4. make feedback immedite |
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Listening Functions (purpose for listening)
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1.Comprehend
2. Support 3. Analyze 4. Appreciate 5. Discern |
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Listening Style
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Habitual pattern of listening behaviors which reflect your attitudes, beliefs, and predispositions
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Action-oriented listeners
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Brief, to-the-point, and accurate info from others
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Time-Oriented listeners
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Brief and concise encounters
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People-oriented listeners
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View listening as an opportunity to establish common ties between themselves and others
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Content-oriented listeners
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Like to be intellectually challenged by the messages they receive
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Pseudo-listening
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Pretending your listening
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aggressive listening
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attend to what others say solely to find opportunity to attack conversational partner
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provocateurs
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Send messages to annoy others
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narcissistic listening
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self-absorbed listening
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Way to improve verbal communication.....
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understand nature of language
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5 fundamental characteristics of language
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1. Language is symbolic
2.Language is governed by rules 3.Language is flexible 4.Language is cultural 5. Language Evolves |
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Constitutive rules
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Define word meaning, tell us what words represent objects
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regulative rules
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how we use language when we verbally communicate
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personal idioms
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words and phrases that have unique meanings within their relationship
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dialects
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when large groups of people share creative variations of language rules
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low-context cultures
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presume people don't share values, beliefs, and attitudes. Tailor communication to be informative, clear, and direct
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High context cultures
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presume listeners share knowledge in common with them and as a result can hint, imply, or suggest meaning to gain listeners understanding.
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denotative meaning
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definitional meaning
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connotative meaning
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meaning of word based on situation and knowledge we and our communication partners share
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linguistic determinism (Sapir-Whorf theory)
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Language defines the boundaries of our thinking
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linguistic relativity
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People from different cultures perceive the world in different ways
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naming
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creating linguistic symbols for objects
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speech acts
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actions we perform with language
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Speech acts (Types)
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Representative
Directive Commissive expressive declarative |
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Representative (speech act)
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commits the speaker to the truth of what has been said
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Directive (speech act)
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attempts to get listener to do things
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commissive (speech act)
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commits speakers to future action
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expressive (speech act)
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Conveys a psychological or emotional state that the speaker is experiencing
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Declarative (speech act)
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Produces dramatic, observable effects
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Crafting Conversation (what makes conversation a conversation)
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1.Conversations are interactive
2. Conversations are locally managed 3. Conversation is universal |
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Cooperative verbal communication
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Produce messages that others can easily and fully understand, that take active ownership for what you are saying and that make others feel included rather than excluded
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cooperative principal
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meaningful interactions rest on ability to tailor our verbal communication in certain ways so that others can understand us
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How to be cooperative communicators
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1.Be informative
first, present all of the information that is relevant and appropriate to share. second, must share information with others that has important personal and relational implications for them. 2. Be honest 3. Be relevent 4. Be clear 5. Use "I" Language - Take ownership of your feeling, opinions, and beliefs |
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"We" Language
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words that emphasize inclusion, express connection to others
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Communication accommodation theory
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Holds that people are especially motivated to adapt their language when they seek social approval, when they wish to establish relations with others, and when they view others language as appropriate.
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mispresentation
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ineffective presentation of language
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misunderstanding
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one person misperceives another thoughts, feelings, or beliefs as expressed by another person
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Enculturation
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Culture is transmitted from one generation to another. You learn culture into which you are born
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Accultuation
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You learn the rules and norms of a culture different from your native culture
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Nonverbal Communication.... (traits)
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Uses Multiple Channels
Is more ambiguous has fewer rules has more meaning Combines with verbal to create communication Is influenced by gender Is influenced by culture |
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Multiple channels (nonverbal)
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Auditory (Hearing), Visual (Seeing), and Tactile (Touch)
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Mixed messages
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verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey contradictory meanings
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Nonverbal communication is influenced by gender
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Men-display strong and forceful nonverbal expressions to convey dominance
Females- "supposed" to use supportive, nurturing, and submissive nonverbal communication |
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Differences in non-verbal communication between genders
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1. Women are better then men at both sending and receiving nonverbal messages.
2. Women show greater facial expressiveness than men and they smile more. 3. Women gaze more at others during interpersonal interactions 4. men are more territorial than women |
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nonverbal communication codes
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The different means used for transmitting information nonverbally
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Eight codes of nonverbal communication
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Kinesics
Vocalics Haptics Proxemics Chronemics Physical Appearance Artifacts Environment |
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Kinesics
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Visible body movements
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Emblems (gesture)
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gestures that represent specific verbal meanings
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Illustrators (gesture)
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Gestures that accent or illustrate verbal messages
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Regulators (Gesture)
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Gestures that control the exchange of conversational turns during interpersonal encounters
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Adaptors
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Touching gestures that serve a psychological or physical purpose
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Immediacy (posture)
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the degree to which you find someone interesting and attractive (posture)
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Power (posture)
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The ability to influence or control other people or events (posture)
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Vocalics
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Vocal characteristics we use to communicate nonverbal communication
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Vocal Characteristics
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Loudness
Pitch Speech Rate Tone |
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Haptics
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nonverbal communication code of touch
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Functional-professional touch
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used to accomplish some type of task
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Social-Polite Touch
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Derives from social norms and expectations
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Friendship-warmth touch
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express liking for another person
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Love-Intimacy touch
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used to convey deep emotional feelings
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Sexual-arousal touch
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intended to physical stimulate another person
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Proxemics
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nonverbal communication through the use of physical distance
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Intimate Space
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Ranges from 0 to 18 inches. Sharing space with someone counts about the defining nonverbal features of close relationships
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Personal Space
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ranges between 18 inches to 4 feet and is the distance we occupy with friends
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Social Space
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4 to 12 feet. Used when communicating in the workplace or with acquaintances and strangers
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Public Space
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distance between persons ranges upward from 12 feet. Occurs during formal occasions such as public speeches or college lectures
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Territorial
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the tendency to claim physical spaces as our own and to define certain locations as areas we don't want others to invade without permission
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Chronemics
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way you use time to communicate during interpersonal encounters
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M-time
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value careful scheduling and time management
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P-time
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Don't view time as a resource to be spent, saved, or guarded and rarely think of time as wasted
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Affect Displays
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Intentional or unintentional nonverbal behaviors that display actual or feigned emotions
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Dominance
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Interpersonal behavior we use to exert power and influence over others
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submissiveness
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willingness to allow others to exert power over us
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Theories of Space
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Protection Theory
Equilibrium Theory Expectancy Violations Theory |
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Paralanguage
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Our voice and how we use it
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monochronic
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One thing at a time
Time is serious Job is very important Privacy important |
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Polychronic
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Several things at one time
time is useful, not sacred family is very important involved with others |
